I-PET PE
WALLIS
| Umbala: | |
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| Ubungakanani: | |
| inzuzo: | |
| Ukufumaneka: | |
| Ubungakanani: | |
IWallis ibonelela nge -PET/EVOH/PE high-barrier composite sheet and roll material for pharmaceuticals, diagnostic, health care and specialty liquid applications packaging. Isakhiwo se-multilayer sidibanisa inkxaso ye-PET mechanical, i-EVOH i-oksijeni-barrier layer kunye ne-PE yokutywinwa kwe-seal ukuxhasa ukukhuselwa kwemveliso, ukutywinwa kobushushu kunye nokuguqulwa kokupakisha okusezantsi.
Ukutyeba, ukwakheka komgangatho, ububanzi bomqulu, umbala, ukufiphala kunye neemfuno zomphezulu zinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokwemveliso yamayeza, umatshini wokupakisha, inkqubo yokubumba, iimeko zokutywinwa kunye nokusebenza komqobo ekujoliswe kuwo.
Kwizicelo zamachiza, ukufaneleka kokugqibela kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kusetyenziswa ichiza langempela, i-reagent okanye uqulunqo kunye nokuqulunqwa okujoliswe kuyo, ukuzaliswa, ukutywinwa, ukuvala inzala, ukuthutha kunye neemeko zokugcina. Umqobo kunye neemfuno zokuhambelana kufuneka zichazwe phambi kokuveliswa kobuninzi.
I-PET / EVOH / PE yinkqubo yokupakisha edibeneyo ye-multilayer eyenzelwe ukudibanisa iipropati ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwesixhobo esinye. Endaweni yokulindela ukuba i-polymer enye ibonelele ngepropati nganye efunekayo, umaleko ngamnye wenza indima ethile.
Umaleko we-PET ufaka isandla kumandla omatshini, uzinzo lwe-dimensional kunye nokuqhubekeka. I-EVOH isetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukuphucula i-oksijini kunye nokusebenza komqobo wegesi. Uluhlu lwe-PE lunokubonelela ngokutywinwa komsebenzi kunye negalelo ekukhuselweni komswakama ngokuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo sokugqibela.
I-PET ibonelela ngenkxaso yomatshini, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kunye nesiseko esifanelekileyo sokuguqulwa kokupakisha. Uluhlu lwe-PET lunceda i-composite igcine isakhiwo sayo ngexesha lokuphefumula, ukuthutha, ukwenza kunye nokuzalisa imisebenzi.
I-EVOH ifakwe ngokuyinhloko njengomgangatho ophezulu we-oksijini kunye ne-gas barrier layer. Inokukunceda ukunciphisa ukungena kwe-oksijini kwiimveliso ezithintekayo zamachiza okanye zokuxilonga xa isakhiwo se-multilayer siyilwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye sikhuselwe kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela ukusebenza komqobo.
I-PE inokusebenza njengemveliso-yonxibelelwano okanye umaleko wokutywina ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lokupakisha. Ixhasa ukutywinwa kobushushu kwaye inegalelo ekuxhathiseni ukufuma ngelixa inceda ukukhusela i-EVOH umaleko ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo se-multilayer.
La maxabiso alandelayo amele imigaqo eqhelekileyo ngoku enxulunyaniswa nale mveliso yaseWallis. Ubume bokugqibela, ubungqingqwa kunye neeparamitha zokusebenza kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngokwesicelo esicetywayo samayeza.
| IParameter | Inkcazo eqhelekileyo / Amanqaku |
|---|---|
| Ulwakhiwo | I-PET / EVOH / PE i-multilayer composite |
| Ukutyeba ngokupheleleyo | Malunga nama-80–300 µm; ulungelelwaniso lolwakhiwo lokugqibela |
| Uluhlu lomaleko oluqhelekileyo | PET 60–120 µm + EVOH 15–30 µm + PE 20–40 µm; Ulungelelwaniso olulolunye lunokuvavanywa |
| Roll Ububanzi | Ngokumalunga ne-30-1000 mm; ububanzi obulungiselelweyo obukhoyo ngokuxhomekeke kuqinisekiso lwemveliso |
| Umbala / Ukungabonakali | Ukungafihli, ukukhanya okanye ukukhanya okulungiselelwe ngokweemfuno zokhuseleko lwemveliso |
| Umqobo weoksijini | Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-oxygen-barrier ukusuka kwi-EVOH; i-OTR echanekileyo kufuneka icaciswe ngeemeko zovavanyo |
| Umqobo wokufuma | Kuxhomekeke kumaleko e-PE, ubume buphelele, ubukhulu kunye neemeko zovavanyo; qinisekisa i-WVTR ekujoliswe kuyo ngexesha lokuchazwa |
| Ukutywinwa kobushushu | Umaleko wokutywina we-PE; ifestile yokutywina kufuneka iqinisekiswe kwisixhobo somthengi |
| Ukubumba / ukuguqula | I-Thermoforming, ukusika, ukutywinwa kunye noguqulelo lokupakisha oluthe ngqo kwiprojekthi ngokuxhomekeke ekuqinisekiseni ubume |
| Ukushicilela / ukuMakisha | Ulwazi lwebhetshi, imihla yokuphelelwa kwexesha, iilogo kunye nezinye iimpawu ezineenki ezihambelanayo kunye nonyango lwangaphezulu |
| Ukwenza ngokwezifiso | Ulwakhiwo lomaleko, ubukhulu bubonke, ububanzi bomqulu, umbala, ukungafihli, umphezulu kunye nokupakishwa |
I-Pharmaceutical PET/EVOH/PE Rolls
PET/EVOH/PE Pharmaceutical Packaging
Ukupakishwa okunezithintelo eziphezulu kufuneka kucaciswe kusetyenziswa iimfuno zokwenziwa komsebenzi ezinokulinganiseka kunamagama anjengokuthi 'ungenelo oluphantsi kakhulu' kuphela. Iiparamitha ezimbini ezibalulekileyo yiNqanaba loThutho lwe-Oxygen (OTR) kunye neRate yoThutho loMphunga waManzi (WVTR).
I-OTR ibonisa ukuba ingakanani ioksijini edlula kwindawo echaziweyo yezinto zokupakisha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kwi-PET / EVOH / PE izakhiwo, i-EVOH layer iyona nto ijongene nokuphucula ukusebenza kwe-oxygen-barrier.
I-WVTR ichaza ukuhanjiswa komphunga wamanzi ngesakhiwo sokupakisha. Ukusebenza kokufuma kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo olupheleleyo lwe-multilayer, kubandakanywa ubukhulu be-PE kunye nezinye iiparamitha zesakhiwo.
Amaxabiso e-OTR kunye ne-WVTR kufuneka athelekiswe kuphela xa ubushushu bovavanyo, ukufuma okunxulumeneyo, ubukhulu besampulu kunye nendlela yovavanyo zaziwa. Abathengi kufuneka kwakhona bacacise ukuba ixabiso lomqobo elichaziweyo lilinganiswe kwizinto eziphathekayo okanye kwiphakheji eyenziwe.
Uluhlu lwe-EVOH lunceda ukunciphisa i-oxygen permeation ngokusebenzisa ipakethe, ukwenza isakhiwo esifanelekileyo kwiimveliso apho ukulawulwa kwe-oxidation kuyimfuno ebalulekileyo yokupakisha.
I-PE inokubonelela nge-interface yokutywina ukushisa okufunekayo kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokuzalisa kunye nokutywinwa. Obona bushushu bokuqalisa itywina, ukomelela kwetywina, ixesha lokuhlala kunye noxinzelelo kufuneka kusekwe kusetyenziswa izixhobo zomthengi kunye nemathiriyeli yokukhwelana.
I-PET inegalelo lokuzinza kwe-dimensional kunye nenkxaso yomatshini ngexesha lokujika, ukuguqula, ukupakisha kunye nokuthutha. Ukuqina kokugqibela kuxhomekeke kubukhulu be-PET kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-multilayer.
Izakhiwo ezicacileyo zinokuvumela ukubonakala kwemveliso ngelixa ugcina i-oxygen-barrier layer. Izakhiwo ezifakwe i-tinted okanye ngaphezulu kwe-opaque nazo zingaxoxwa apho ulawulo lokukhanya olongezelelweyo lufunekayo.
Ubukhulu bomaleko kunye nesakhiwo esipheleleyo sinokuhlengahlengiswa ngokweethagethi zomqobo, ubunzulu bokwenza, iimfuno zokutywinwa, uvelwano lwemveliso kunye neemeko zomgca wokupakisha.

Ukutywinwa kobushushu yipropathi yenkqubo kunegama lezinto eziphathekayo kuphela. Ukusebenza kwetywina kuxhomekeke kwibakala le-PE, ubukhulu bomaleko, ubushushu bokutywina, ixesha lokuhlala, uxinzelelo, iwebhu yokudibana kunye nokupakishwa komatshini wokupakisha.
Abathengi kufuneka babonelele ngoluhlu lweqondo lokushisa lokupakisha-umatshini wokutywina okhoyo, isantya somgca kunye noxinzelelo lokutywinwa apho lukhoyo.
Amandla etywina kufuneka avavanywe ngesigqubuthelo okanye imathiriyeli yokukhwelana kunokuba kuvavanywe kwi-PET/EVOH/PE yokwenza iwebhu yodwa.
Iipakethi ezigqityiweyo kufuneka zihlolwe ukunyaniseka kwesitywina kunye nokuvuza phantsi kokuzaliswa okulindelweyo, ukuthutha kunye neemeko zokugcina.
I-PET/EVOH/PE imathiriyeli edibeneyo inokuthi yenzelwe i-thermoforming kunye nezinye iifomathi zokupakisha eziguqulwayo. Ukusebenza kokwenza kuxhomekeke kubunzima obupheleleyo, iipropathi ze-PET, ukunamathela kumaleko, iprofayile yobushushu kunye nobunzulu bozoba.
Izithintelo zomaleko ziyancipha njengoko izinto zoluliwe ngexesha le-thermoforming. Ke ngoko, ukusebenza komqobo olinganiselwe kumqulu osicaba awunakuthathwa ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba uyafana kweyona ndawo inzulu yomgodi owenziweyo.
Apho ukusebenza komqobo kubaluleke kakhulu, abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise iphakheji eyenziwe phantsi kweemeko zokwenza ummeli kunokuba bathembele kuphela kwi-flat-sheet ye-OTR okanye idatha ye-WVTR.
Ukubonelela ngodidi lwezixhobo ze-thermoforming, ubunzulu bokubumba, isantya somgca kunye nefestile elindelekileyo yokwenza-ubushushu xa kuxoxwa ngesakhiwo esilungiselelweyo.
I-PET / EVOH / izakhiwo ze-PE zinokuvavanywa ukupakishwa kolwelo lwamayeza apho umqobo we-oksijeni, ukunyaniseka kwetywina kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso kuyadingeka.
I-Diagnostic liquids kunye ne-reagents inokuzuza kwi-package ye-barrier-barrier, kodwa uvavanyo lokuhambelana kufuneka luqhutywe ngokusebenzisa ukubunjwa kwe-reagent ethile kunye neemeko zokugcina ezijoliswe kuzo.
Iimveliso ezithintekayo kwi-oxidative degradation zingabaviwa bezakhiwo zokupakisha eziqukethe i-EVOH i-oksijeni-barrier layer, ngokuxhomekeke kwi-shelf-life kunye nokuqinisekiswa kozinzo.
Izakhiwo ezifakwe i-tinted okanye i-opaque zingaxoxwa kwiimveliso ezifuna ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kokukhanya. Ukukhuselwa kwe-wavelength efunekayo kufuneka kuchazwe ngokuqulunqwa kwamayeza.
Izithintelo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zinokuvavanyelwa iivithamini, ulwelo lwe-nutraceutical, iimveliso zokuxilonga kunye nezinye izicelo zokhathalelo lwempilo ezifuna ioksijini elawulwayo kunye nokubonakaliswa kokufuma.
Vitamin okanye Antioxidant Solutions
Izicelo zolwelo lwezamayeza
Uxilongo kunye neeReagents zeMichiza
I-PET / EVOH / PE akufanele ichazwe njengento ehambelanayo jikelele kunye ne-API yonke yamachiza, i-solvent, i-reagent okanye i-formulation. Ukufaneleka koqhagamshelwano lwemveliso kuxhomekeke kuluhlu oluchanekileyo lwe-PE, izongezo, ukubunjwa kweziyobisi, ukugxila, i-pH, ixesha lokugcina kunye nobushushu.
Abathengi kufuneka bavavanye ukuzinza kwe-dimensional, ukudumba, ukutsalwa, ukunyaniseka kwesitywina kunye nokugcinwa komqobo emva kokudibanisa noyilo olujoliswe kuyo.
Apho iinkqubo zolawulo okanye zomgangatho wamayeza zifuna ukufuduka, izinto ezikhutshwayo, ezivuzayo okanye uphononongo lwetyhefu, inkqubo yovavanyo esebenzayo kufuneka ichazwe kwinkqubo yokupakisha egqityiweyo.
Izinto ezinothintelo oluphezulu zinokuxhasa ukhuseleko lwemveliso, kodwa ubomi beshelufu bokugqibela bamachiza kufuneka bumiselwe ngenkqubo yozinzo yomenzi wamayeza. Ukupakisha imathiriyeli iyodwa ayinakuqinisekisa ubomi obuthile beshelufu.
Ukuhambelana kwe-sterilization kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo oluchanekileyo lwe-PET/EVOH/PE kunye nenkqubo yokuvala inzala. Izinto eziphathekayo akufanele zithathwe ngokuzenzekelayo zihambelana ne-autoclave, ukushisa okomileyo, i-radiation, i-ethylene oxide okanye ezinye iindlela zokuvala inzala ngaphandle kokuqinisekiswa.
Abathengi kufuneka babonelele ngetekhnoloji yokuvala inzala, ubushushu, ixesha lokuvezwa, uxinzelelo kunye nenani lemijikelo. Iphakheji egqityiweyo kufuneka emva koko ivavanywe ukuguqulwa, ukunamathela kwingqimba, amandla etywina, ukugcinwa komqobo kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso.
Iimfuno zokupakishwa kwamayeza ziyahluka ngokwelizwe, uhlobo lwemveliso kunye nefom yedosi. Endaweni yokuxhomekeka kwingxelo yegeneric efana 'yokuthobela amayeza,' abathengi kufuneka bachaze ngokuthe ngqo iimfuno zolawulo, i-pharmacopoeial okanye umgangatho womthengi osebenzayo kwiprojekthi.
Iimfuno zamaxwebhu zinokubandakanya ukucaciswa kwemathiriyeli, izatifikethi zokuhlalutya, iingxelo zokuqulunqa, uxwebhu lwenkqubo yomgangatho, uvavanyo lokufuduka okanye ezinye iirekhodi ngokuxhomekeke kwimarike yendawo ekusingwa kuyo kunye nenkqubo yokufaneleka yomenzi woxubo-mayeza.
Imilinganiselo yomaleko inokuxutyushwa ngokwenjongo ye-OTR, i-WVTR, ubukhulu obupheleleyo, ukwenza umsebenzi kunye neemfuno zokutywinwa kobushushu.
Imilinganiselo yokuqengqeleka inokudityaniswa nokupakishwa kwabathengi kunye nokuguqula izixhobo zokunciphisa ukukrolwa okungeyomfuneko, ukuphatha kunye nenkunkuma yezinto eziphathekayo.
Iisampulu zinokuvavanywa ngokusebenza komqobo, ukuziphatha kwe-heat-seal, ukubunjwa, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kunye nokuhambelana kwemveliso ngaphambi kokuveliswa kwezorhwebo.
I-Wallis ixhasa abaguquli bokupakisha bamayeza, iinkampani zokupakisha zonyango, abavelisi boxilongo kunye nabanye abathengi beefektri abafuna izinto zokupakisha ezilungelelanisiweyo.
Umzi-mveliso wezinto zokupakisha amayeza
Igumbi lokuHlola ukuPhakhelwa kwamayeza
Umgca weMveliso woMveliso wokuPakisha izinto zoXhobo
I-Pharmaceutical Packaging Material Production Line
Chaza imveliso yamayeza, yokuxilonga okanye yokhathalelo lwempilo kunye nefomathi yephakheji egqityiweyo.
Cacisa i-PET / EVOH / PE okanye unikeze isakhiwo sakho se-multilayer ekhoyo ukuba ufuna izinto ezilinganayo okanye eziphuculweyo.
Ukubonelela ngobunzima obupheleleyo kunye neemfuno zomaleko ngamnye apho sele kuchaziwe.
Nika amaxabiso ekujoliswe kuwo othintelo kunye nobushushu bovavanyo, ukufuma okunxulumene nendlela yovavanyo apho kunokwenzeka.
Cacisa ububanzi obufunekayo bomqulu, ububanzi bomqulu okanye ubunzima kunye neemfuno eziphambili ngokomgca wokupakisha.
Ukubonelela ngemilinganiselo ye-cavity, ubunzulu bokudweba, ukwenza izixhobo kunye neemeko zokusebenza ukuba izinto ziya kuba yi-thermoformed.
Bandakanya izinto zokukhwelana, ubushushu botywino, uxinzelelo, ixesha lokuhlala kunye nesantya somgca ukuba sele usaziwa.
Chonga ukuqulunqwa kwamachiza okanye iimeko zoqhagamshelwano lweekhemikhali ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngexesha lokuvavanya ukuhambelana.
Ukuba ukuvala inzala kuyafuneka, cacisa eyona nkqubo kunye neemeko zomjikelo ukuze ukufaneleka kwemathiriyeli kuhlolwe.
Nikezela ngelizwe ekuyiwa kulo, imigangatho efunekayo kunye namaxwebhu alindelwe ngumthetho wakho okanye iqela lomgangatho.
Ulwazi lwangoku lwemveliso lubonisa i-MOQ eqhelekileyo yokuqalisa malunga ne-500 kg, nangona i-MOQ yokugqibela ixhomekeke kubume obulungiselelweyo, imilinganiselo kunye neemfuno zokuvelisa.
I-Shanghai Wallis Technology ibonelela ngephepha leplastiki, imathiriyeli yekhadi kunye nezixhobo zokupakisha ezikhethekileyo kubathengi be-B2B bamazwe ngamazwe. Iiprojekthi zokupakisha amayeza zingaxoxwa ngokwesakhiwo esifunekayo, ukusebenza, iimeko zokuvelisa kunye neenkqubo zokufaneleka kwabathengi.
Uphuhliso lwemathiriyeli eyenziwe ngokwezifiso
Ukutyeba kunye nobubanzi ngokwezifiso
Isampulu yenkxaso yovavanyo lomgca wokupakisha
B2B kunye nenkxaso yemveliso ye-OEM
Ukupakishwa kwangaphandle kunye nonikezelo lwamazwe ngamazwe
Ingxoxo yenkcazo yobugcisa phambi kwemveliso eninzi



I-PET / EVOH / PE yinkqubo yokupakisha yeplastiki eninzi edibanisa iipropathi ze-PET mechanical, i-EVOH i-oksijeni-barrier performance kunye ne-PE layer yokutywinwa kunye nokukhuselwa komswakama. Ulungelelwaniso lomaleko lunokulungelelaniswa ngokwentsebenzo yokupakisha efunekayo.
I-EVOH isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuphucula i-oksijini kunye nokusebenza komqobo wegesi. Inokukunceda ukukhusela iimveliso ezinobunzima be-oksijeni xa zihlanganiswe kwisakhiwo se-multilayer eyilwe ngokufanelekileyo.
I-EVOH ikhethwa ikakhulu ekusebenzeni komqobo we-oxygen. Ukusebenza komqobo wokufuma kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo esipheleleyo se-multilayer, kubandakanywa i-PE kunye nezinye iileyile zokukhusela, ubukhulu bazo kunye neemeko zokuvavanya.
Uluhlu lwangoku lwemveliso yaseWallis ludwelisa malunga ne-80–300 µm ubukhulu bubonke. Izakhiwo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zinokuxoxwa ngokomqobo, ukubunjwa kunye neemfuno zokutywinwa.
Uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwangoku lumalunga ne-30-1000 mm. Ukufumaneka kobubanzi bokugqibela kuxhomekeke kwisakhiwo, ubukhulu kunye neemfuno zemveliso.
I-OTR efunekayo ixhomekeke kwi-oxygen sensitivity yemveliso epakishweyo, i-shelf-life target kunye ne-package geometry. Nika i-OTR ekujoliswe kuyo kunye nobushushu, ukufuma okunxulumene nendlela yovavanyo ukuze imathiriyeli ithelekiswe ngokuchanekileyo.
I-WVTR efunekayo ixhomekeke kubuzaza bokufuma bemveliso kunye nendawo yokugcina elindelekileyo. Ubushushu bovavanyo, ukufuma kunye noqwalaselo lwephakheji kufuneka lucaciswe kunye nexabiso ekujoliswe kulo.
Izakhiwo ezifanelekileyo zinokuthi ziyilelwe i-thermoforming, kodwa ukwenza ubushushu, ubunzulu bokudweba, ukunamathela kwimaleko kunye nokugcinwa komqobo kufuneka kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa i-package yejometri kunye neemeko zemveliso.
Uluhlu lwe-PE lunokubonelela ngokusebenza kokutywinwa kobushushu. Amandla okutywinwa kunye nokushisa kwetywina kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngezinto zokukhwelana kunye nokuzaliswa kwangempela kunye nezixhobo zokutywina.
Akukho bango lokuhambelana jikelele kufuneka lenziwe kulo lonke ulwelo lwamayeza. Ukuhambelana kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni, i-PE yoqhagamshelwano, i-concentration, i-pH, iqondo lokushisa kunye nokugcinwa kwexesha. Uvavanyo loqhagamshelwano lwemveliso luyacetyiswa.
Ukuhambelana kwe-sterilization kufuneka kuqinisekiswe kwisakhiwo esichanekileyo se-multilayer kunye nomjikelo. Ukubonelela ngeqondo lobushushu lokuvala inzala, uxinzelelo, ubude kunye nenani lemijikelo ukuze izinto kunye nesitywina esigqityiweyo sinokuvavanywa.
Izakhiwo ezifakwe uphawu okanye ezilungiselelweyo zingaxoxwa. Abathengi kufuneka babonelele ngengcaciso efunekayo yokhuseleko lokukhanya okanye ulwazi lovakalelo lwemveliso ukuze luvavanywe.
Ukuthotyelwa kuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo oluchanekileyo lwemathiriyeli, ukusetyenziswa kwamayeza kunye nemarike yendawo ekusingwa kuyo. Abathengi kufuneka babonelele ngolawulo olusebenzayo okanye iimfuno ze-pharmacopoeial ukuze amaxwebhu akhoyo kunye novavanyo lube nokuphononongwa kwimveliso ethile.
Iisampulu zinokuxoxwa ngokuvavanya ubukhulu, ukusebenza komqobo, ukutywinwa kobushushu, i-thermoforming kunye nokuhambelana nezixhobo zokupakisha zomthengi kunye nemveliso.
Ulwazi lwangoku lwemveliso lubonisa ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bokuqalisa malunga nama-500 kg. Isakhiwo esilungiselelweyo, ububanzi, umbala kunye nezinye iimfuno zinokuchaphazela i-MOQ yokugqibela, ngoko kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngexesha lokucaphuna.
Nceda unikeze isicelo sokupakisha, uhlobo lwemveliso, ulwakhiwo olufunekayo, ubukhulu, ububanzi bomqulu, i-OTR ekujoliswe kuyo kunye ne-WVTR, iimeko zokwenza, iimeko zokutywinwa kobushushu, inkqubo yokuvala inzala, iimfuno zokulawula kunye noqikelelo lobuninzi bomyalelo.
Thumela uWallis ulwakhiwo lwakho olufunekayo lwe-multilayer, ubukhulu, ububanzi bokuqengqeleka, i-OTR/WVTR ekujoliswe kuyo, inkqubo yokwenza, iimeko zokutywinwa kobushushu, iimfuno zoqhagamshelwano lwemveliso kunye noqikelelo lokuthenga ubuninzi.
Ukuba utshintsha imathiriyeli ekhoyo yokupakishwa yamayeza, thumela inkcazo yobugcisa yangoku okanye isampuli ukuze ubume kunye neemfuno zomgca wokupakisha zivavanywe phambi kwemveliso yorhwebo.
Qala iProjekthi yakho kunye nathi