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Ikhadi le-WLS-PVC
WALLIS
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| Uhlobo Loshicilelo: | |
| I-Advanteji: | |
| Umbala: | |
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I-Wallis yenza isiko le-13.56MHz lamakhadi e-PVC e-NFC angaqhagamshelani nokufikelela kulawulo lofikelelo, ubulungu, iihotele, iikhampasi, imisitho, iinkqubo zokuthembeka, ezothutho, ukuchongwa, intengiso ye-NFC kunye nezinye iiprojekthi ze-smart-card. Ikhadi ngalinye lidibanisa itshiphu ye-13.56MHz ekhethiweyo kunye ne-eriyali elungelelanisiweyo kunye nomzimba wekhadi le-PVC elihlala ixesha elide.
Abathengi banokwenza ngokwezifiso i-chip, ubungakanani bekhadi, umsebenzi wobugcisa, ukuprinta, ukugqitywa komphezulu, i-UID okanye inombolo ye-serial-number yoshicilelo, iikhowudi ze-QR, iibhakhowudi kunye ne-encoding yedatha yokuzikhethela. Ikhadi lokugqibela kufuneka lihambelane neprotocol yomfundi, imfuno yememori, inqanaba lokhuseleko, ukuhambelana kwe-smartphone kunye nesoftware yesicelo.
Igama '13.56MHz' lichonga amaxesha amaninzi okusebenza kodwa alichazi umgangatho omnye jikelele wekhadi le-smart. I-NTAG, i-MIFARE, i-DESFire kunye ne-ICODE yeemveliso zineeprothokholi ezahlukeneyo, izakhiwo zememori, imiyalelo kunye nezakhono zokhuseleko kwaye akufanele ziphathwe njengento etshintshayo.
| Imveliso | Custom 13.56MHz Contactless Smart NFC PVC Card | Umzekelo | Ikhadi le-WLS-PVC |
| Izinto eziphathekayo | I-PVC | Ukuphindaphinda | 13.56MHz HF/NFC |
| Ubungakanani bekhadi | 86 × 54 mm ukhetho; imilinganiselo elungiselelweyo ingaxoxwa | Ukutyeba kweKhadi | Iprojekthi ethile; qinisekisa ngokomfundi, umshicileli kunye nolwakhiwo lwekhadi |
| Ukushicilela | Inkjet okanye i-Indigo yoshicilelo; iindlela zokuvelisa ezongezelelweyo zinokujongwa kwakhona | Umbala | Umzobo olungiselelweyo wangaphambili nangasemva kunye nemibala yebhrendi |
| Iinketho zeChip | I-NTAG, i-MIFARE, i-DESFire, i-ICODE kunye nezinye iinketho ezihambelanayo ze-13.56MHz zixhomekeke kuqinisekiso lobugcisa. | Umgaqo-nkqubo | I-ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A, ISO/IEC 15693 okanye enye iprotocol ethe ngqo kwitshiphu |
| Ukwenza umntu | I-UID, iinombolo zesiriyali, amagama, iifoto, iikhowudi ze-QR, iikhowudi zebhakhowudi kunye nezinye iinkcukacha eziguquguqukayo | Ufakelo lweekhowudi | Ukhetho lwe-NDEF okanye ukubhalwa kwedatha yeprojekthi ngokwe-chip, izitshixo kunye nemephu yememori evunyiweyo |
| Iinketho zoMphezulu | Ukugqibezela okukhazimlayo, okumatte okanye okunye okuqinisekisiweyo | Iimpawu ezongezelelweyo | Umgca wemagnethi, ipaneli yokutyikitya, ukugqobhoza komngxuma, ushicilelo lweUV okanye ukugqitywa kweholographic ngeprojekthi. |
| Izicelo eziphambili | Ukufikelela, ihotele, ubulungu, ukunyaniseka, umcimbi, i-campus, i-NFC yokuthengisa kunye neenkqubo zesazisi | Inkxaso ye-OEM | Ukukhetha i-chip, ukuprinta, ukufaka iikhowudi, ukuvunywa kwesampulu, ukuhlolwa kunye nokupakishwa kwamanye amazwe |
Ikhadi le-WLS-PVC lixhasa i-86 × 54 mm ifomathi, i-Inkjet okanye i-Indigo yokushicilela, imibala eyenziwe ngokwezifiso kunye nomzimba wekhadi le-PVC. Ubukhulu obuchanekileyo, i-chip, iprotocol, imemori, uluhlu lokufunda, ubushushu bokusebenza kunye nemisebenzi yokhuseleko kufuneka iqinisekiswe kwiprojekthi nganye.
Ikhadi le-smart elingenakuqhagamshelwa liqulethe isekethe edibeneyo eqhagamshelwe kwi-eriyali ngaphakathi kumzimba wekhadi le-PVC. Umfundi unikezela amandla ngebala lerediyo-frequency, evumela ikhadi kunye nomfundi ukuba batshintshe imiyalelo kunye nedatha ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano lombane lomzimba.
Uninzi lwamakhadi ePVC akumgangatho ophantsi wokungaqhagamshelwanga ayasebenza kwaye afumana amandla okusebenza kwindawo yokufunda. Ikhadi alifuni ibhetri yangaphakathi kunxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo.
Owona mgama wokufunda uxhomekeke kwitshiphu, ijometri ye-eriyali, ukwakhiwa kwekhadi, amandla okufunda, i-eriyali yokufunda, imathiriyeli ekufutshane kunye nokuqhelaniswa nekhadi. Umgama omiselweyo akufanele uqinisekiswe ngaphandle kokuvavanya ikhadi eligqityiweyo kunye nomfundi ojoliswe kuyo.
Ukutshintsha i-chip, i-eriyali, ubukhulu bekhadi okanye izinto ezikufutshane kunokuchaphazela i-resonance kunye nokusebenza kokufunda. Ulwakhiwo oluvunyiweyo lwe-chip kunye ne-antenna kufuneka luvavanywe emva kokuprintwa, ukulanywa kunye nokugqitywa kwekhadi.
I-NFC isebenza kwi-13.56MHz, kodwa ayizizo zonke ii-13.56MHz ze-HF RFID zekhadi ezibonelela ngentsebenziswano efanayo ye-smartphone okanye ukuziphatha kweForam ye-NFC. Ukuhambelana kuxhomekeke kwi-chip kunye neprotocol.
| I-Chip Family | Protocol Positioning | Eqhelekileyo yeProjekthi iFina | Inqaku elibalulekileyo lokuKhetha |
|---|---|---|---|
| NTAG213 / 215 / 216 | IForam ye-NFC Uhlobo 2 kunye ne-ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A | Amakhadi oshishino e-NFC, amakhonkco ewebhusayithi, iiprofayili zedijithali, amakhonkco okuqinisekisa kunye nokuzibandakanya kweselula | Inkumbulo yomsebenzisi iyohluka ngokwemodeli; qinisekisa ubukhulu be-NDEF, igama lokugqitha, ukutshixa kunye neemfuno zentsusa |
| I-MIFARE Ultralight | I-ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A lokusingqongileyo | Imisitho, amatikiti asetyenziswa kancinci, ukuthembeka kunye neenkqubo zokuchongwa ezikhethiweyo | Qinisekisa isizukulwana esichanekileyo, inkumbulo, igama lokugqitha kunye neempawu zokuqala |
| MIFARE Classic | I-ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo lwenkqubo yendalo yelifa | Ufikelelo olukhoyo, ubulungu, ihotele, amatikiti okanye iiprojekthi ezifakelweyo zokutshintsha umfundi | Sebenzisa apho isixokelelwano esifakelweyo siyifuna khona; Vavanya enye indlela ekhuselekileyo yoyilo olutsha olunokhuseleko oluphezulu |
| I-MIFARE DESFRE | I-ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A olunosetyenziso olukhuselekileyo olunomgangatho ophezulu | Ukufikelela ngokukhuselekileyo, kwikhampasi, ezothutho, isazisi kunye neenkqubo zamakhadi ezicelo ezininzi | Ifuna uyilo lwesicelo, ulawulo oluphambili, ukwenziwa komntu kunye nokudibanisa umfundi / isoftwe |
| IKHODI / ISO 15693 | I-ISO / IEC 15693 kunye neForam ye-NFC Uhlobo lwe-5 yokubeka | Ithala leencwadi, i-asethi, isazisi kunye nezicelo zekhadi lendawo | Ayinakutshintshelwa ngabafundi be-ISO/IEC 14443; qinisekisa iprotocol kunye noyilo lwe-eriyali |
Amakhadi amabini anokusebenza omabini kwi-13.56MHz ngelixa usebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo, imiyalelo kunye neengqimba zesicelo. Nika imodeli yokufunda, ikhadi langoku, iprothokholi okanye itshiphu efunekayo ngaphambi kokuba uvume ikhadi lokutshintsha.
I-URL emfutshane inokungena kwimemori encinci ye-NFC, ngelixa iprofayile yedijithali enkulu, iirekhodi ezininzi ze-NDEF okanye isakhiwo sesicelo esikhuselekileyo sinokufuna umthamo ongaphezulu. Umxholo wokhowudo kufuneka ugqitywe phambi kokukhetha itshiphu.
Ukhuseleko olusisiseko lwe-password, ukutshixa ngokusisigxina, ukuqinisekiswa kwe-cryptographic mutual kunye nenkxaso ekhuselekileyo yezicelo ezininzi zizakhono ezahlukeneyo. I-chip, umfundi, izitshixo, isoftware kunye ne-backend kufuneka ziyilwe kunye.
Kwiinkqubo eziphindaphindiweyo, abathengi kufuneka baqinisekise amanani eengxenye zomenzi ngokuchanekileyo, ezinye iindlela ezivunyiweyo, ukuqhubeka kokubonelela, ifomathi ye-UID kunye neemfuno zokulawula utshintsho ngaphambi kokukhutshwa kwexesha elide.
Iichips ezihambelana neForam ye-NFC ezifana ne-NTAG21x ziqhele ukukhethwa xa abasebenzisi bafuna ukucofa ikhadi ngefowuni ukuvula i-URL, iphepha loqhagamshelwano, ikhadi leshishini ledijithali, irekhodi yemveliso okanye iphepha lokufika lephulo.
Amakhadi e-NFC ahambelanayo anokugcina iirekhodi ze-NDEF ezinjengee-URL, umbhalo okanye ulwazi loqhagamshelwano. Ubungakanani bedatha, uhlobo lwerekhodi, iqhinga lokuqondisa ngokutsha, useto lwephasiwedi kunye neemfuno zokuhlela kwixesha elizayo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokufakwa kweekhowudi.
I-chip ehambelanayo ayiqinisekisi ukuziphatha okufanayo kuyo yonke i-smartphone. I-hardware yefowuni, indawo ye-antenna, inkqubo yokusebenza, iimvume zesicelo kunye nokubekwa kwekhadi kunokuchaphazela amava omsebenzisi.
Iitshiphusi ezikhethiweyo ze-NFC zixhasa ukhuseleko lokugqitha kunye nokutshixa ngokusisigxina kuphela. Ukutshixwa okusisigxina kufuneka kusetyenziswe kuphela emva kokuqinisekiswa kwedatha yokugqibela kuba umsebenzi awunakubuyela umva.
Ukuthengisa kunye namakhadi eprofayile yedijithali, ukufaka ikhowudi kwi-URL yokuqondisa ngokutsha kunokwenza uhlaziyo lwendawo yokufikela lube lula ngaphandle kokuphinda ubhale ikhadi ngalinye. Iqonga lokuqondisa ngokutsha kunye nokhuseleko lwesizinda luhlala luyinxalenye yenkqubo yedijithali yomthengi.
Amakhadi angabonisa iilogo, imibala yenkampani, iifoto, imiyalelo, iinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano kunye nemizobo enegama. I-AI ehlelekayo, i-EPS okanye umzobo we-PDF uyacetyiswa ukuba uvelise ilogo ebukhali.
Umzobo osisigxina uvela kwikhadi ngalinye, ngelixa iindawo eziguquguqukayo zinokubandakanya amagama, ii-ID zabasebenzi, amanani amalungu, iifoto, imihla yokuphelelwa yisikhathi, iikhowudi ze-QR, iibhakhowudi okanye ii-UID zetshiphu.
Xa inombolo eprintiweyo kufuneka ihambelane ne-UID ye-elektroniki okanye irekhodi ekhowudiweyo, chaza ifomathi ye-hexadecimal okanye idesimali, i-byte order, ii-zero eziphambili, izahluli kunye nolandelelwano lwekhadi phambi kokuveliswa.
Ngokuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lwekhadi, ukhetho lunokubandakanya i-glossy okanye i-matte surfaces, imivimbo yamagnetic, iipaneli zokutyikitya, imingxuma, isitampu esishushu, ukushicilelwa kwe-UV, izinto ze-holographic kunye nezinye iimpawu zokhuseleko okanye uphawu.
Nikeza umzobo ongaphambili nangasemva ngeendawo ezophayo kunye neendawo ezikhuselekileyo. Ulwazi oluguquguqukayo kufuneka lunikezelwe kwi-spreadsheet ekuvunyelwene ngaso kunye nomqolo omnye kwikhadi ngalinye kunye neekholamu ezibhalwe ngokucacileyo.
Amakhadi e-PVC angenalo uqhagamshelwano anokuchonga abasebenzi, iikontraka kunye neendwendwe xa i-chip ekhethiweyo kunye ne-encoded credential zihambelana nenkqubo yokufikelela efakiweyo.
Amakhadi ehotele kufuneka ahambelane nohlobo lwenkqubo yokutshixa, i-encoder, itshiphu kunye nokuhamba komsebenzi wolawulo lwepropathi. Isampulu yomzimba kufuneka ivavanywe kwezona zitshixo ngaphambi kokuveliswa kobuninzi.
Abathengisi, iiklabhu, iindawo zokuzilolonga kunye nababoneleli ngenkonzo banokusebenzisa amakhadi alungiselelwe ukuchongwa kwamalungu, ukungena, imivuzo okanye amakhonkco kwiiprofayili zedijithali.
Izikolo neeyunivesithi zinako ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokuchonga, ilayibrari, ukubakho esikolweni kunye nezibonelelo xa iqonga elikhethiweyo le-smart-card lixhasa abafundi bazo nesoftware.
Iinkqubo zamatikiti kunye nezothutho zingasebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-13.56MHz, kodwa zihlala zifuna iitshiphusi ezithile, isantya sokuthengiselana, ukhuseleko, isatifikethi kunye neenkqubo zobuntu.
Amakhadi anikwe amandla e-NFC anokudibanisa abasebenzisi kwiinkcukacha zoqhagamshelwano, iiprofayili zentlalo, amaphepha emveliso, iimenyu, ukukhushulwa okanye omnye umxholo wedijithali olawulwayo usebenzisa ii-smartphones ezihambelanayo.
Amakhadi e-Smart anokuxhasa ukuhamba komsebenzi wesigulane okanye kwabasebenzi, kodwa idatha yezonyango enovakalelo kufuneka ikhuselwe ngokulawulwa kokufikelela okufanelekileyo, ukufihla, imigaqo-nkqubo yabucala kunye ne-backend architecture kunokuba igcinwe ngokuvulekileyo.
Ikhadi lePVC le-generic 13.56MHz ayilokhadi lokuhlawula lebhanki ngokuzenzekelayo. Intlawulo, imali yokuhamba kunye neenkqubo zexabiso eligciniweyo zifuna itshiphu evunyiweyo ekhuselekileyo, iitheminali eziqinisekisiweyo, ulawulo oluphambili, ukuhlanganiswa kwesoftware kunye nogunyaziso lwenkqubo.
Amakhadi anokuxutyushwa njengamakhadi angenanto oqhagamshelwano angenanto yokudibanisa kwicala lomthengi okanye njengamakhadi afakwe ngaphambili usebenzisa ifayile yedatha evunyiweyo. Itshiphu, imephu yememori, izitshixo, amagama ayimfihlo, imo yokutshixa kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa kufuneka ixelwe.
Ukhuseleko lwe-smart-card applications lufuna ukudalwa okungundoqo okulawulwayo, ukudluliselwa, ukwahlukana, ukugcinwa kunye nokujikeleza. Ukubonelela ngetshiphu ekhuselekileyo ngaphandle kwenkqubo yokulawula isitshixo ayidali ingqinisekiso ekhuselekileyo.
Ezinye iintsapho ze-chip zibonelela ngeempawu zokuqala okanye ukuqinisekiswa kwe-cryptographic. Le misebenzi kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ebhaliweyo yomenzi kwaye idityaniswe kwi-backend yokuqinisekisa ukuhamba komsebenzi.
Gcina kuphela idatha efunwa sisicelo. Ulwazi lomntu olunobucayi kufuneka lukhuselwe yimithetho yokufikelela kunye neenkqubo zokubuyela umva kunokuba zibhalwe njengomxholo wekhadi elingakhuselekanga.
Amakhadi anekhowudi kufuneka afundwe kwakhona aze athelekiswe nedathabheyisi evunyiweyo. Kwii-odolo ezenzelwe wena, iinombolo eziprintiweyo, iikhowudi ze-QR kunye nedatha ye-elektroniki kufuneka zihlale zihambelana ngokuchanekileyo.
Isicelo kunye nomsebenzi wekhadi elifunekayo
Imodeli yetshiphu echanekileyo okanye iprotocol efunekayo
Isifundi, i-encoder, i-smartphone okanye imodeli yokutshixa ihotele
Inkumbulo, ukufunda/ukubhala, ukhuseleko kunye neemfuno eziphambili zolawulo
Ubungakanani bekhadi, ubukhulu, umphezulu kunye nobuninzi
Umzobo wangaphambili nangasemva kunye nokopha
Iindawo eziprintiweyo ezizinzileyo neziguquguqukayo
Idatha ye-Encoding, iirekhodi ze-NDEF, amagama ayimfihlo, izitshixo kunye nesimo sokutshixa
Umgca wemagnethi, ipaneli yotyikityo, umngxuma okanye iimfuno zokugqiba ukhuseleko
Ubungakanani besampulu, ukupakishwa, indawo yokuhanjiswa kunye neshedyuli
Thumela iChip yakho kunye neemfuno zokufunda
UWallis uphonononga itshiphu, iprothokholi, i-eriyali, umfundi, isoftwe, ubungakanani bekhadi, ushicilelo, ikhowudi kunye nokugqiba iimfuno phambi kokuqinisekisa ucaphulo kunye neenkcukacha zesampulu.
Ubungqina kufuneka buqinisekise umzobo wangaphambili nangemuva, imilinganiselo, ukuphuma kwegazi, iindawo eziguquguqukayo zedatha, ulwazi oluprintiweyo olunxulumene ne-chip kunye nezikhundla ezikhethekileyo zokugqiba.
Abathengi kufuneka bavavanye ukuprinta, imilinganiselo, umgangatho womphezulu, ukuhambelana komfundi, ukusebenzisana kwe-smartphone, uluhlu lokufunda, ukufakwa kweekhowudi kunye nokutshixa iwonga usebenzisa izixhobo ezicetywayo kunye nesoftware.
Ukuhlola kunokubandakanya ukubonakala, imilinganiselo, ukucaca, ukufundeka kwe-chip, i-UID, idatha ekhowudiweyo, ulungelelwaniso lokushicilela kunye nokuhambelana phakathi kweerekhodi eziprintiweyo kunye ne-elektroniki.
Amakhadi alandelelanayo angapakishwa ngoluhlu lwedatha elawulwayo. Iilebhile zebhokisi, ubungakanani bamakhadi, ulandelelwano lwee-odolo kunye neerekhodi zokuhlola kufuneka zilandele iimfuno zeprojekthi ezivunyiweyo.
IWallis ixhasa uphuhliso lwesampulu kunye nemveliso ye-OEM kubasasazi, abahlanganisi benkqubo, iinkampani zokhuseleko, iihotele, iinkqubo zobulungu kunye namaqela okuthengwa kweprojekthi.
I-chip, i-eriyali kunye neengqimba ze-PVC kufuneka zicutshungulwe ngokuhambelana nokwakhiwa kwekhadi elivunyiweyo ukuze kugcinwe ukukhanya, umgangatho ophezulu kunye nokusebenza ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano.
Amakhadi agqityiweyo anokuvavanywa kumgangatho wokubonwayo, imilinganiselo kunye nokufunda ngaphandle koqhagamshelwano ngokwemigaqo yokuhlola eqinisekisiweyo.
Lo mfanekiso ulandelayo unikiwe njengereferensi yezinto zePVC ngokubanzi. Iimpawu ze-Smart-card kufuneka ziqinisekiswe kusetyenziswa i-chip ekhethiweyo, i-eriyali, ukwakhiwa kwekhadi kunye nesampuli yokuvelisa evunyiweyo.
Amakhadi angenakuqhagamshelwa kufuneka apakishwe ukunciphisa imikrwelo, ukugoba, ukubonakaliswa komswakama kunye nokuhamba okungalawulekiyo ngexesha lokuthutha. Ii-odolo zomntu okanye ezilandelelanayo zinokubhalwa ngoluhlu lwekhadi, inombolo yebhokisi kunye nobuninzi bokupakisha.
UWallis unokuphonononga umfundi, iprotocol, imemori, ukhuseleko kunye neemfuno ze-smartphone ngaphambi kokuqinisekisa ukucwangciswa kwekhadi elifanelekileyo.
Abathengi banokudibanisa umzobo wesiko, idatha eguquguqukayo, ukuprintwa kwe-UID, iikhowudi ze-QR, iibhakhowudi kunye ne-optional chip encoding in one project workflow.
Isampulu yomzimba inceda ukuqinisekisa inkangeleko yekhadi, ukuhambelana komfundi, ukusebenza kwe-smartphone kunye nedatha ekhowudiweyo ngaphambi kokuba kukhutshwe iodolo eninzi.
IWallis ixhasa abasasazi bamakhadi, izihlanganisi zolawulo lofikelelo, iihotele, izikolo, abathengisi, abaqhubi beminyhadala kunye neminye imibutho efuna amakhadi alungelelanisiweyo angenanxibelelwano.
Qala iProjekthi yakho yeKhadi leNFC yesiNtu
Kumaza okusebenza kanomathotholo. Ayichongi iprotocol echanekileyo, imemori okanye umgangatho wokhuseleko, ngoko ke i-chip kunye neenkcukacha zomfundi kufuneka ziqinisekiswe.
No. ISO/IEC 14443 Uhlobo A, Uhlobo B, ISO/IEC 15693 kunye NFC Forum iintsapho chip bonke bangasebenzisa 13.56MHz kodwa azitshintshi ngokuzenzekelayo.
NTAG213, NTAG215 okanye NTAG216 ziinketho eziqhelekileyo. Khetha imodeli ngokobungakanani bedatha ye-NDEF, imfuneko yegama lokugqitha, ukuhambelana kwefowuni kunye nesicwangciso sokuhlela sexesha elizayo.
Iqonga elikhuselekileyo elifana nemveliso ye-DESFire ehambelanayo inokufaneleka, kodwa umfundi, izitshixo, iifayile zesicelo, isofthiwe kunye ne-backend kufuneka yenzelwe loo chip.
Iyakwazi xa itshiphu ekhethiweyo kunye nefomati yedata zixhaswa yifowuni. Vavanya ikhadi ngeemodeli zefowuni ezimele kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza phambi kokuveliswa kobuninzi.
Amakhadi e-NFC ahambelanayo anokufakwa ngekhowudi nge-URL ye-NDEF. Nikeza i-URL yokugqibela, iimfuno zokuqondisa kwakhona, igama lokugqitha okanye isethingi yokutshixa kunye nendlela yokuqinisekisa.
Iitshiphusi ezikhethiweyo zixhasa ukutshixa ngokusisigxina ukufunda kuphela. Faka izitshixo ezisisigxina kuphela emva koqinisekiso lokugqibela kuba umsebenzi awunakubuyela umva.
Ikhadi le-NFC lePVC aliqinisekiswa ngokuzenzekelayo. Intlawulo ekhuselekileyo ifuna i-chip evunyiweyo, iitheminali eziqinisekisiweyo, izitshixo ezilawulwayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwesoftware kunye nogunyaziso oluvela kwintlawulo okanye inkqubo evaliweyo.
Ewe. Amagama, amanani, iikhowudi ze-QR, iibhakhowudi kunye neerekhodi ze-elektroniki ezihambelanayo zinokuveliswa kwiziko ledatha elivunyiweyo ngomqolo omnye ngekhadi ngalinye.
Umgama wokufunda uxhomekeke kwitshiphu, i-eriyali, umfundi, ulwakhiwo lwekhadi, okusingqongileyo kunye noqhelaniso. Vavanya ikhadi eligqityiweyo ngomfundi ocetywayo kunokuxhomekeka kumgama oqhelekileyo.
Amakhadi ePVC anokubonelela ngokuxhathisa okulungileyo kokuvezwa kokufuma okuqhelekileyo. Okwenyani ukuchasana kuxhomekeke ekwakhiweni kwekhadi, ukulanyiswa, umgangatho wecala kunye neemeko zokuvezwa, ngoko ke iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokusingqongileyo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe.
Isampulu icetyiswa ngamandla ukuqinisekisa umsebenzi wobugcisa, imilinganiselo, ukuhambelana komfundi, ukusebenzisana kwe-smartphone, uluhlu lokufunda, i-encoding kunye noseto lokhuseleko.
Thumela usetyenziso, itshiphu okanye iprothokholi, imodeli yokufunda, ubungakanani, ubungakanani bekhadi, umsebenzi wobugcisa, idatha eguquguqukayo, iimfuno zeekhowudi, useto lokhuseleko, ukugqiba, ukupakishwa kunye nendawo yokuhanjiswa.
