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Wallis itanga urupapuro rwihariye rwa RFID rwumye rwamakarita yubwenge, kwemeza ibicuruzwa, kurwanya-gutandukana, kugaragara neza, ibyangombwa byinjira, sisitemu yububiko, amatike yibirori, amatike yashyizwemo hamwe nindi mishinga ya OEM RFID. Ibikoresho biboneka birimo 13.56MHz HF / NFC na 860–960MHz ya tekinoroji ya UHF hamwe na chip yihariye, antene, ibipimo nuburyo bwo gutanga.
RFID yumye irimo chip ihujwe na aluminiyumu cyangwa antenne y'umuringa kuri PET cyangwa undi mutwara wemewe. Ntabwo ikubiyemo imbaraga zanyuma-zifata neza, zishobora gusohoka mu maso cyangwa amazu yarangije kurinda, yemerera abakora amakarita, abahindura ibirango hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byiyubaka mu nyubako zabo bwite.
Inlay yumye yonyine ntabwo ihita ikora ibicuruzwa birwanya impimbano cyangwa kurwanya ubujura. Kwemeza bisaba chip ikwiye, amakuru arinzwe, urufunguzo rugenzurwa hamwe na platform yo kugenzura yizewe. Kwirinda ubujura bisaba kwishyira hamwe, kubara, EAS cyangwa ibikorwa remezo byabasomyi ba RFID hamwe na software ikora.
| Ubwoko bwibicuruzwa | RFID yumye urupapuro rwumuzingo, kuzunguruka cyangwa matrise yihariye | Icyitegererezo | Kuma inlay |
| Imiterere shingiro | RFID chip + chip ihuza + antenne + PET cyangwa umutwara wemewe | Ibifatika | Ntabwo igitutu cyanyuma-cyunvikana gifatika |
| Amahitamo yinshuro | 13.56MHz HF / NFC na 860–960MHz UHF; Amahitamo ya LF arashobora gusubirwamo kubikorwa byihariye | Amahitamo ya Porotokole | ISO / IEC 14443 Ubwoko A, ISO / IEC 15693, Ubwoko bwa Forum ya NFC cyangwa EPC Icyiciro cya 1 Gen 2 / ISO / IEC 18000-63 |
| Ingero za HF / NFC | NTAG213 / 215/21 | Ingero za UHF | NXP UCODE, Impinj M730 / M750 cyangwa imiryango ya Monza, Alien Higgs nubundi buryo bwihariye bwumushinga |
| Ibikoresho bya Antenna | Aluminium cyangwa umuringa | Igishushanyo cya Antenna | Ibipimo bisanzwe cyangwa byihariye bigengwa na impedance, inshuro, umusomyi nibisabwa byo kwishyira hamwe |
| Ingano na Imiterere | Uruziga, kare, urukiramende, rugufi, rwegeranye cyangwa rwihariye | Imiterere yo gutanga | Kuzenguruka, urupapuro cyangwa imiterere yihariye ya matrix |
| Encoding | URL ya NDEF, EPC, ijambo ryibanga, amakuru yumukoresha nubundi buryo bwimikorere ya chip | Gukoresha Indangamuntu | UID, TID, EPC cyangwa serial-numero yo gusoma, icapiro na data base ukurikije ubwoko bwa chip |
| Amahitamo yo Kwishyira hamwe | PVC / PET / PC ikarita yo kumurika, guhindura ibirango, amatike, imikandara, ibicuruzwa byabumbwe hamwe n'inzu zabigenewe. | Amahitamo yumutekano | Ijambobanga, gufunga, kwemeza ibanga cyangwa ubushobozi bwa tamper-loop gusa hamwe na chip ikwiye hamwe nigishushanyo mbonera |
| Abaguzi Bambere | Abakora amakarita, abahindura ibirango, abahuza RFID, abatanga ibisubizo byumutekano hamwe nabakora ibicuruzwa bya OEM | Igipimo cyihariye | Chip, antenne, umutwara, ingano, urupapuro rwa matrix, imiterere yumuzingo, kodegisi, kugenzura no gupakira |
Urupapuro rwibanze rugaragaza UHF 869–915MHz, 13.56MHz ISO / IEC 14443 na 13.56MHz ISO / IEC 15693 nkibisabwa inshuro. Urutonde rwanyuma, chip nyayo, ibipimo bya antenne, kwibuka, gusoma urwego hamwe nubushyuhe bwo guhuza bigomba kwemezwa kuri buri mushinga.
| Kugereranya | Byumye Byuzuye | Byuzuye Byuzuye | Byarangiye RFID Ikirango |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kubaka | Chip na antenne kumutwara | Kuma inlay yahinduwe hamwe na adhesive no kurekura liner | Wet inlay hiyongereyeho impapuro zishobora gusohora, gufatira hamwe no kubaka-gupfa |
| Gusubiza inyuma | Ntabwo ushizwemo nkibicuruzwa byanyuma-bifata | Harimo | Harimo kandi byatoranijwe kubigenewe intego yo hejuru |
| Isura | Ntabwo urimo keretse wongeyeho mugihe cyo guhinduka | Mubisanzwe bisaba isura yo mumaso kugirango icapwe rya nyuma | Impapuro, PET, PP cyangwa ikindi cyemewe cyacapwe mumaso |
| Gukoresha bisanzwe | Ikarita yo kumurika, gushira ibicuruzwa, kubika no guhindura ibicuruzwa | Ikirango gihindura cyangwa gihuza porogaramu itaziguye | Witegure gucapa, kodegisi no kumugereka kubintu byanyuma |
| Urwego rwo Kurinda | Biterwa nibikoresho byashizwemo | Biterwa nubwikorezi, gufatira hamwe no guhinduka | Byasobanuwe nububiko bwuzuye bwo mumaso, gutwikira, gufatira, kumurika no gushushanya |
| Umuguzi usanzwe | Ukora amakarita, uwakoze tagi cyangwa uwinjiza ibicuruzwa | Ikirango gihindura cyangwa RFID ihuza | Ikirango, umucuruzi, ushinzwe ibikoresho cyangwa gahunda yo gukoresha-amaherezo |
Inlay yumye irakwiriye mugihe umuguzi agenzura lamination yanyuma, amazu, ibifatika cyangwa ibirango-bihindura kandi akeneye kugera kumurongo wibanze wa RFID.
Imirasire itose irakwiriye mugihe hakenewe igitutu-RFID gikenewe kugirango uhuze nibikoresho byo mumaso, gupfa gupfa, gucapa cyangwa gukoresha byikora.
Ikirangantego cya RFID cyarangiye nihitamo ryiza mugihe umushinga ukeneye ubuso bushobora gucapwa, porogaramu yihariye yometseho, ibipimo byanyuma bipfa kugabanuka, kodegisi no kuzunguruka.
Ikiranga kigaragara cyangwa gisomeka kirashobora kwimurwa mukindi kirango cyangwa kode yanditse. Kwemeza gukomeye bisaba chip ifite ibimenyetso bifatika bifatika, urufunguzo rwihariye, kurinda umuntu kugiti cye no kugenzura inyuma.
Imipira yizewe ya NFC nka NTAG424 ADN irashobora gushyigikira kwemeza gushingiye kuri AES, ubutumwa bwizewe butanga umutekano hamwe no kugenzura umwimerere iyo bigizwe na seriveri yizewe hamwe nurufunguzo rugenzurwa.
Ibisanzwe byumye ntibishobora gufungura paki. Kumenyekanisha tamper bisaba chip na antenne igishushanyo mbonera cyemewe cya tamper, cyangwa ikirango cyangiritse hamwe nubwubatsi bwo gupakira bwagenewe kwerekana gukuraho.
RFID irashobora gushyigikira ibarura ryibonekeje, kumenyesha-gukuraho kutabifitiye uburenganzira no kugenzura gusohoka, ariko inlay igomba guhuzwa nabasomyi, antene, amategeko y'ibyabaye, ububikoshingiro hamwe nububiko cyangwa ibikoresho byububiko.
Ibikoresho byinshi bya UHF byateguwe neza kugirango bimenyekane vuba kandi bisomwe cyane. Imikorere yabo ya EPC na TID ntigomba gusobanurwa nkibanga ryibanga ryemewe keretse keretse chip na progaramu byatoranijwe bitanga ubwo bushobozi.
Porogaramu yuzuye yo kwemeza irashobora gushiramo ibyangombwa bya chip, ububiko bwizewe, inyandiko zicuruzwa, kugenzura imiyoboro, imipaka y’ibipimo, gutahura anomaly hamwe n’umuguzi cyangwa umugenzuzi wo kugenzura.
| Kugereranya | HF / NFC Yumye Inlay | UHF Yumye |
|---|---|---|
| Inshuro | 13.56MHz | 860–960MHz hamwe nibisabwa mukarere |
| Porotokole | Ubwoko bwa Ihuriro ISO / IEC 14443 Ubwoko A, ISO / IEC 15693 na NFC | EPC Icyiciro cya 1 Itangiriro 2 / ISO / IEC 18000-63 |
| Imyitwarire isanzwe y'abasomyi | Kanda cyangwa intera ngufi yo gusoma | Intera ngufi kugera kuri metero nyinshi hamwe nabasomyi babereye, antenne nibidukikije |
| Guhuza Smartphone | Birashoboka hamwe na chip ya NFC ihuza hamwe nimyitwarire ya terefone | Mubisanzwe bisaba umusomyi UHF wabigenewe |
| Gukoresha Umutekano Rusange | Kwemeza ibicuruzwa bigendanwa, URL zifite umutekano, kwinjira ibyangombwa hamwe na progaramu-tamper | Ibarura ryibonekeje, gutanga-urunigi rukurikirana, kumenyekanisha ibintu no gukurikirana-ibyabaye |
| Amagambo yo kwibuka | UID, ububiko bwabakoresha, impapuro, guhagarika, ijambo ryibanga, urufunguzo nibiranga ibimenyetso | EPC, TID, ububiko bwabitswe hamwe nubushake bwabakoresha |
| Ibyatoranijwe Byingenzi | Terefone cyangwa umusomyi, protocole, ingano yamakuru, urwego rwumutekano hamwe na antenna | Itsinda ryakarere, umusomyi, soma akarere, ibikoresho, icyerekezo, ubucucike nintego |
NFC irakwiriye mugihe umuguzi, umugenzuzi cyangwa umukozi akeneye gukanda tagi yashyizwemo ukoresheje terefone ihuje cyangwa umusomyi wa HF kugirango ufungure ibicuruzwa cyangwa gukora ibyemeza.
UHF irakwiriye mugihe ibintu byinshi bigomba kumenyekana byihuse, kumurongo, kumugozi, imbere mububiko cyangwa mugihe cyo kugemura.
ISO / IEC 15693 inlays irashobora guhuza isomero, inyandiko, umutungo hamwe ninganda zikoreshwa. Ntibagomba gufatwa ko bakorana na buri ISO / IEC 14443 umusomyi cyangwa akazi ka terefone.
Urutonde rusomwe rwose rushingiye kuri chip sensibilité, ibipimo bya antenne, imbaraga zabasomyi, antenne yabasomyi, amategeko yakarere, ibimenyetso byashizweho, icyerekezo hamwe nubwubatsi bwanyuma.
Izi NFC Forum Ubwoko bwa 2 chip zikoreshwa cyane kuri URL, amakuru yibicuruzwa no guhuza mobile. Ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukoresha-kwibuka butandukanye, kubwibyo bisabwa bya NDEF bigomba kurangizwa mbere yo guhitamo chip.
Chipe yizewe irashobora gushyigikira kwemeza AES, ubutumwa bwizewe, kugenzura umwimerere hamwe namakuru arinzwe. Bakenera urufunguzo rwibanze rutanga, kwimenyekanisha no kwemeza inyuma.
MIFARE Ultralight, Classic cyangwa DESFire ibicuruzwa birashobora gukenerwa kugirango bigerweho neza, itike, abanyamuryango cyangwa sisitemu nyinshi. Umusomyi wibikoresho, software, urufunguzo nuburyo bwimiterere bigomba guhura.
Ibicuruzwa bya ICODE birashobora gushyigikira isomero rya ISO / IEC 15693, umutungo numushinga usoma hafi. Gukora chip nyayo, kwibuka numwimerere cyangwa ibiranga ijambo ryibanga bigomba kwemezwa.
Guhitamo chip ya UHF bigomba gutekereza kubushobozi bwa EPC, uruganda TID, gukoresha ububiko bwabakoresha, kubyumva, kugera cyangwa kwica ijambo ryibanga, kodegisi yihuta hamwe nabasomyi.
Urupapuro rwumwimerere rwa 144–888-byte ruhuye nimiryango yatoranijwe ya NFC, ntabwo buri HF, LF cyangwa UHF inlay. Ububiko bwa UHF busanzwe busobanurwa muri EPC, TID hamwe nabakoresha-kwibuka bits.
UID, TID na EPC bitanga intego zitandukanye. Kugaragaza agaciro kagomba gusomwa, gutegurwa, gucapwa, guhindurwa kuri cumi cyangwa itandatu, kandi bigahuzwa na QR code, barcode cyangwa inyandiko y'ibicuruzwa.
Ibipimo bya Antenna bigira ingaruka kumikorere ya RF, mugihe ibipimo byose byinjira byerekana agace k'abatwara n'umwanya bisabwa n'ibishushanyo mbonera. Ibipimo byombi bigomba kwerekanwa ku gishushanyo cyemewe.
Urupapuro rwerekana urupapuro rugomba kwerekana ibipimo byimpapuro, imyanya ya antenne, icyerekezo cya chip, ibimenyetso byo kwiyandikisha, ikarita yerekana ikarita hamwe nintera iri hagati ya inlays.
Gutanga ibicuruzwa bisaba ubunini bwibanze bwemewe, ubugari bwurubuga, ikibanza, icyerekezo cya chip, guhuza urubuga, icyerekezo cyerekezo, icyerekezo kinini cya diameter hamwe na inlays kuri buri muzingo.
Ikarita cyangwa ibicuruzwa bigomba kuguma mu mbibi zemewe zo guhuza chip, umutwara na antene. Gerageza ubushyuhe bwuzuye, umuvuduko hamwe no gukonjesha mbere yumusaruro mwinshi.
Imiterere-ikarita yubukorikori igomba kwirinda kwivanga kumurongo wa magneti, guhuza modul, gushushanya, ibyobo, imikono hamwe nuduce two gukata amakarita.
Imyenda isanzwe irashobora guhagarara hafi yicyuma, amazi, plastike yuzuye karubone cyangwa ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Antenna kabuhariwe, ferrite, spacer cyangwa ahandi hantu hashobora gukenerwa.
Sobanura niba inlays zifite inenge zavanyweho, zashyizweho ikimenyetso cyangwa zigumishijwe kandi ugaragaze umubare ntarengwa w’ibice. Ibikoresho byikora byikora birashobora gusaba amategeko akomeye yo gukomeza.
HF yumye irashobora gushirwa muburyo bwo kwinjira, kuba umunyamuryango, ikigo, hoteri cyangwa amakarita yo gutwara abantu mugihe antenne, chip hamwe namakarita yimiterere bihuye nabasomyi nibikorwa byo gukora.
Umutekano wa NFC urashobora gushirwa mubipfunyika, ibyemezo, ibicuruzwa byiza cyangwa ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki kugirango uhuze buri kintu na sisitemu igenzurwa na serivise yemewe.
UHF inlays irashobora gushyigikira ibarura-urwego rwibintu, kumenyesha bidasanzwe no kugenzura gusohoka iyo bihujwe nabasomyi ba RFID, sisitemu yububiko hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa mubikorwa.
Inlay yumye irashobora kumurikirwa cyangwa igashyirwa imbere mumatike, badge hamwe nigitoki kugirango bamenyekane, kwinjira no gusaba.
Ihuza rya HF rishobora gushyigikira kuzenguruka, gukurikirana inyandiko no gucunga ububiko ukurikije protocole yabasomyi, icyitegererezo cyamakuru hamwe nibisabwa.
Inlay yumye irashobora kwinjizwa mubicuruzwa bibumbabumbwe cyangwa byashizwemo, ariko ubushyuhe bukabije, imiti, kunyeganyega, ibyuma hamwe nubukanishi bishobora gusaba tagi yihariye.
UHF yumye irashobora guhindurwa mubikarito, pallet, kugaruka-kubikoresho cyangwa ibirango byibintu nyuma ya antenne yatoranijwe kubikoresho bipfunyika nibirimo.
| Gereranya | RFID Yumye Inlay nyuma yo Kwinjiza | Byacapishijwe Barcode |
|---|---|---|
| Uburyo bwo Gusoma | Itumanaho rya radiyo; umurongo wo kureba ntushobora gusabwa | Gusikana neza mubisanzwe bisaba kode igaragara |
| Gusoma Byinshi | Birashoboka hamwe nibiranga UHF bikwiye, abasomyi nibintu bitandukanijwe | Mubisanzwe wasuzumwe kugiti cyawe keretse sisitemu yo gufata amashusho yateye imbere |
| Amakuru | Indangamuntu yihariye hamwe nibishobora gukoreshwa birashobora kuboneka | Icapiro ryimyandikire ihuza ibiranga cyangwa amakuru yamakuru |
| Umutekano | Impinduka kuva mubiranga shingiro kugeza kode yerekana, bitewe na chip na sisitemu | Urashobora gukoresha urutonde, rwabitswe cyangwa rwashyizweho umukono na data, ariko ikimenyetso kigaragara gishobora kwimurwa |
| Kuramba | Biterwa nibikoresho bikubiyemo inlay yumye | Biterwa nubwiza bwanditse, ibikoresho byo mumaso, gutwikira no kwerekana abrasion |
| Igiciro n'Ibikorwa Remezo | Ikirangantego cyo hejuru hamwe nabasomyi-sisitemu igiciro, hamwe no kwikora no kutari umurongo-wo-kubona inyungu | Igice cyo hasi cyigiciro kandi kiboneka cyane scaneri |
| Koresha neza | Kumenyekanisha byikora, ibyangombwa byashyizwemo, kubara no kwemeza imikoranire ya digitale | Kumenyekanisha kugiciro gito cyo kwerekana, gusikana abaguzi no guhuza kwagutse |
RFID na barcode zikoreshwa kenshi. Kode ya QR yacapwe irashobora gutanga uburyo bwo kubona ibintu byose, mugihe ibice bya RFID byashyizwemo bifasha gusoma byikora, ibyangombwa bigenzurwa cyangwa kwemeza chip.
Gusaba nibisabwa kwemeza, gukurikirana cyangwa gukora ibikorwa
HF / NFC, UHF cyangwa indi nshuro isabwa
Porotokole hamwe nicyitegererezo cya chip
Umusomyi, terefone, kodegisi cyangwa uburyo bwa sisitemu yerekana
Imikorere yumutekano, urufunguzo, inyuma hamwe nibisabwa
Intego yo gusoma urutonde hamwe nibidukikije byo gusoma
Ibicuruzwa byanyuma, ibyuma cyangwa amazi yegeranye nu mwanya wo kwishyiriraho
Ibipimo bya Antenna, ibipimo byose byuzuye hamwe n'ahantu ho guhurira
Kuzenguruka intoki, ikibanza, icyerekezo cyerekezo cyangwa urupapuro rwa matrix
Ubushyuhe bwo gucana, igitutu, uburebure bwikarita cyangwa inzira yimiturire
Encoding, UID / TID / EPC guhuza hamwe nibisabwa-byanditse
Umubare, icyitegererezo gisabwa, gupakira, aho ugana na gahunda
Inlay yumye igomba kugeragezwa kugirango isubizwe chip, ihuza antenne, imiterere yabatwara nudusembwa tugaragara ukurikije gahunda yubugenzuzi yemejwe.
Gerageza inlay yatanzwe hamwe nabasomyi bagenewe, antene, imbaraga, ibikoresho byibicuruzwa, icyerekezo hamwe nu mwanya wanyuma. Imikorere yubusa irashobora gutandukana cyane nibicuruzwa byarangiye.
Koresha ubushyuhe nyabwo, igitutu, kubumba, gukiza cyangwa kuzenguruka hanyuma wemeze kubaho chip, gukomeza antenna, kwiyandikisha no gusoma kwanyuma.
Kubirwanya anti-mpimbano, genzura ibyingenzi bitanga, ubutumwa bwingirakamaro, ibisubizo bya seriveri, gusubiramo ibisubizo, amakosa yibibazo hamwe numuguzi cyangwa umugenzuzi wakazi.
Kugirango ukurikirane gusohoka, gerageza gusoma zone, icyerekezo cyerekezo, gukingira, ubucucike bwibintu, gutabaza ibinyoma, amategeko yibyabaye no guhuza hamwe na sisitemu yo kubara cyangwa kubika.
Soma inyuma kodegisi yamakuru hanyuma wemeze ko UID, TID, EPC, QR code, nimero yuruhererekane nibicuruzwa bikomeza guhuzwa neza.
Kugenzura ibara ryuzuye, imyanya, ikibanza, kwiyandikisha kumpapuro, icyerekezo cyizunguruka, ibice, ibimenyetso-inlay byerekana no gupakira ibintu.
Wallis irashobora gusuzuma imishinga ya HF / NFC, ISO / IEC 15693 na UHF ukurikije umusomyi usabwa, urwego, kwibuka ndetse nurwego rwumutekano.
Ibipimo bya Antenna, ingano yabatwara, ibisobanuro byerekana umuzingo hamwe nimpapuro zirashobora gutezwa imbere hafi yikarita, ikirango cyangwa ibikoresho byo guhuza ibicuruzwa.
Abaguzi barashobora kuganira kuri chip ya NFC itekanye, NDEF, EPC, ijambo ryibanga, gusoma UID / TID, inyandiko zihinduka hamwe nibisabwa byemewe byemewe.
Imyenda yumye irashobora gutezwa imbere hamwe na PVC, PET hamwe namakarita ya polyakarubone, hashingiwe kubizamini byo guhuza hamwe nibisabwa gutunganywa.
Ingero zifatika zifasha kwemeza imikorere ya RF, ibikorwa byumutekano, kwiyandikisha kumpapuro no kurwanya inzira yanyuma cyangwa gushira.
Ninteko ya RFID chip-na-antenne kumutwara udafite ibyuma byanyuma byunvikana, byanditse mumaso cyangwa amazu arinda.
Oya. Ikirango cyuzuye cyangwa ikirangantego cya RFID gikoreshwa mubisanzwe iyo bisabwa kwifata wenyine. Inlay yumye igenewe gukomeza guhinduka, kumurika cyangwa gushiramo.
Oya. Ibanze shingiro ritanga umwirondoro. Kwemeza gukomeye bisaba chip itekanye, urufunguzo rugenzurwa, kurinda umuntu kugiti cye hamwe no kugenzura inyuma.
Oya. Kwirinda ubujura bisaba abasomyi, antene, software, amategeko yo kumenyesha hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa. Inlay ni kimwe mu bigize sisitemu yuzuye.
Ibicuruzwa bya NFC bifite umutekano nka NTAG424 ADN birashobora kuba byiza kwemeza ibanga. Guhitamo biterwa na terefone ihuza, urufunguzo, igishushanyo mbonera, ibisabwa byangiritse hamwe nurwego rwibyago.
Gusa iyo ikoreshwa rya tamper-detection chip na antenna loop cyangwa inyubako ikwiye yangirika ikoreshwa. Igikoresho gisanzwe cyumye ntigishobora gufungura.
Nibyo, iyo antenne ingano, umwanya wa chip, uburebure bwikarita, ubushyuhe bwa lamination, igitutu no guhuza abasomyi byemejwe binyuze mugupima icyitegererezo.
Yego. Ipaji yintego irerekana 13.56MHz ISO / IEC 14443, 13.56MHz ISO / IEC 15693 na UHF inshuro nyinshi. Imipira nyayo na antene bigomba kwemezwa.
Gusa byateguwe byumwihariko ibicuruzwa bibiri-byinshyi birashobora gushyigikira intera zombi. Ubusanzwe NFC na UHF inlays nibicuruzwa bitandukanye.
HF na NFC mubisanzwe ni intera ndende, mugihe UHF ishobora kugera kuri metero nyinshi mubihe bikwiye. Urutonde rwa nyuma rushingiye kuri chip, antenne, umusomyi, ibikoresho, icyerekezo no kwishyira hamwe kwanyuma.
Antenne isanzwe ikunda hafi yicyuma. Antenna kabuhariwe, ferrite, spacer cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gushira birashobora gukenerwa kandi bigomba kugeragezwa kubicuruzwa byarangiye.
Yego. Ibipimo byumukiriya birashobora gusubirwamo ukurikije inshuro, chip impedance, umwanya uhari, ibikoresho, urutonde rwintego hamwe nubunini bwa ordre.
Encoding irashobora kuganirwaho ukurikije chip yatoranijwe. Tanga ikarita yo kwibuka, imiterere, ikurikiranye, ijambo ryibanga cyangwa ibisabwa byingenzi hamwe namategeko yo kugenzura inyuma.
Yego. Imiterere y'urupapuro n'impapuro birashobora gutegurwa ukurikije ibirango bihinduka, ikarita yo kumurika amakarita, gukubita cyangwa ibikoresho-byo guteranya ibicuruzwa.
Yego. Gerageza imikorere ya RF, lamination, encapsulation, umutekano wakazi, guhuza abasomyi, kwiyandikisha kumpapuro nibicuruzwa byanyuma.
Ohereza porogaramu, inshuro, protocole, chip, umusomyi, ibisabwa byumutekano, ibikoresho byo guhuza, ingano ya antenne, urupapuro cyangwa imiterere, kodegisi, ingano, gupakira hamwe n’aho ujya.
