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Wallis inopa PVC masheets ekudhinda ekugadzirisa epurasitiki kadhi, ane ukobvu hunogoneka, ruvara uye pamusoro pezvivakwa. OEM kuwanikwa kukuru kweID, makadhi ekubhangi, SIM uye vagadziri vemakadhi ekuchenjera.
WLS- PVC Offset Sheet
WALLIS
| Ruvara: | |
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| Ukobvu: | |
| Huwandu: | |
PVC Offset Printing Sheet yePlastiki Kadhi Kugadzira
Wallis inopa PVC mapepa ekudhinda ekudhinda evagadziri vemakadhi eindasitiri, maprinta ekubvisa, maworkshop ekudhinda-screen uye vanogovera makadhi epurasitiki. Iyi yakaoma, inodhinda PVC substrate inotsigira akadhindwa makadhi emakadhi eID, makadhi akangwara, makadhi enhengo, mapurojekiti emakadhi ebhangi, makadhi ekuwana uye kugadzirwa kweSIM kadhi kana giredhi rezvinyorwa uye maitiro ekugadzira zvasarudzwa.
Sarudzo dziripo dzinosanganisira chena, nhema uye tsika mavara , akasiyana emagetsi geji, mameseji epamusoro uye Vicat mamakisi. Iyo inodhinda pamusoro inoitirwa kutsigira inopindirana inki kuendesa uye kunotevera kupisa kwekushisa; mibairo chaiyo inoenderana neingi yakasarudzwa, muchina wekuprinda, Firimu yeoverlay , resipi yelamination uye kuvaka kadhi.
Nekutenga: govana iyo yakanangwa kadhi application, offset kana skrini-yekudhinda michina, inki / yekurapa system, ukobvu hunodiwa, saizi yeshizha uye vhoriyamu yepamwedzi. Wallis inogona kukurukura kuenzanisa magiredhi uye nekupa masampuli ekushandisa kudhinda uye lamination kuongororwa.
| Product Attribute | Reference Specification / Supply Option |
|---|---|
| Material | Rigid PVC inodhinda yepakati pepa rekugadzira kadhi repurasitiki |
| Kudhinda | Conventional offset, UV offset kana kudhinda screen, zvichienderana negiredhi neingi qualification |
| Ukobvu | 0.10-0.85 mm chirevo chekupa huwandu; simbisa kuwanikwa uye kushivirira negiredhi |
| Colors | Machena, matema uye akagadziridzwa mavara pakukumbira |
| Surface | Kudhinda-giredhi matte / controlled texture; simbisa chiso chinodhindwa uye inodiwa dyne level |
| Maitiro ekushandisa | ID, bhengi-kadhi mapurojekiti, SIM, kuwana, nhengo, chipo uye smart kadhi kugadzirwa |
| OEM masevhisi | Ukobvu, mashizha emashizha, ruvara, giredhi yemafuta, zvivakwa zvepasi, kucheka uye kutumira kunze kwekurongedza |
Kumbira PVC Offset Sheet Samples uye Mitengo
A PVC offset printing sheet ipurasitiki yakasimba, inodhinda kadhi kadhi substrate yakagadzirirwa kutamiswa kwemufananidzo nemuchina wekubvisa uye gungano rinotevera mumakadhi epurasitiki akawanda. Mushure mekudhinda uye kupora kwakakodzera kana kuomeswa, pepa rinogona kusanganiswa neakajeka Firimu yeoverlay s, adhesive layers kana inoshanda inlays, ipapo laminated, cooled uye kubaiwa mumakadhi apera.
PVC musimboti wekadhi, pachena Firimu yeoverlay uye inkjet-yakavharwa PVC mhando dzechigadzirwa dzakasiyana. Yenguva dzose offset-giredhi substrate haingoenderane nemvura-based inkjet kudhinda kana chaiyo digital toner press. Kubudirira kugadzirwa kunoenderana nekuenzanisa iyo inki chemistry, yakarapwa pamusoro, kadhi stack nemidziyo.
Uwandu huri pasi apa ndehweunyanzvi hwemhando ye PVC yemhando yechigadzirwa , kwete vimbiso dzepasi rose dzeruvara rwese, ukobvu kana kurongeka. Simbisa iyo inoshanda bvunzo nzira, kutungamira, kushivirira uye giredhi inopesana neazvino tekinoroji data sheet uye yakatenderwa sampuro.
| Property | Giredhi / Yekutungamirira | Chikamu | Reference Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukobvu | Yakasarudzwa giredhi inodhinda | mm | 0.10–0.85 |
| Density | Typical | g/cm³ | 1.42 ± 0.05 |
| Kusimba simba | Yakatwasuka / muchina kana inochinjika nzira: simbisa bvunzo tsananguro | MPa | ≥44 |
| Kusimba simba | Vertical / yechipiri bvunzo nzira: simbisa bvunzo tsananguro | MPa | ≥46 |
| Vicat softening tembiricha | Ordinary kadhi giredhi | °C | 78 ± 2 |
| Vicat softening tembiricha | Bank-kadhi giredhi | °C | 74 ± 2 |
| Vicat softening tembiricha | SIM-kadhi giredhi | °C | 90 ± 2 |
| Pamusoro simba | Reference minimum | dhine/cm | ≥34 |
| Kushata kwepamusoro | Ra | μm | 0.7–1.8 |
| Kushata kwepamusoro | Rz | μm | 4.0–12 |
Injiniya chiziviso: iyo Vicat inopfavisa tembiricha chinhu chekuyedza kukosha, kwete yakatemerwa kadhi-lamination tembiricha. Saizvozvo, kukosha kwe dyne chete hakuratidzi inki adhesion. Kufanirwa kunofanirwa kusanganisira kudhinda, kurapa, layer bonding uye kupedza-kadhi kuyedzwa.
Simba repamusoro rinopesvedzera kuti ingi yakasarudzwa kana kuti skrini inopararira sei pa PVC pamusoro. Iyo yakanyorwa yakanyorwa ye ≥34 dynes/cm inzvimbo yekutanga yekuenzanisa zvinhu, kwete vimbiso yekuti inki yega yega ichabatana nemazvo. Simbisa wetting, cross-hatch adhesion, drying/ UV kurapa uye inki-ku- Firimu yeoverlay kushanda pamichina chaiyo yekugadzira.
Ra inotsanangura avhareji yehukukutu, ukuwo Rz inomiririra yakakura-chiyero chimiro-urefu chiyero pasi peyakatsanangurwa nzira yekuyedza. Iyo yakanyorwa Ra ye 0.7–1.8 μm uye Rz ye4.0–12 μm inogona kuzivisa kudhinda kubata uye kubata mapepa; miganhu yekugamuchirwa yekupedzisira inofanira kubvumirana nedhipatimendi remutengi uye dhipatimendi remhando.
Iwo aripo ereferenzi mamakisi anosiyana mukupisa kupfava maitiro. Lamination tembiricha, kumanikidza, nguva yekugara uye kutonhora kunofanirwa kuisirwa kune yakazara kadhi stack; yakakwirira Vicat haingobudi kuburitsa zvirinani kubatana. SIM-kadhi uye bhengi-kadhi zvivakwa zvinogona kunge zvine akasiyana gungano uye punching zvinodiwa.
Inopindirana geji uye flatness inobatsira kudzora kudhinda kunyoreswa, kurongedza, lamination kudzvanywa uye kupera-kadhi ukobvu. Kusimba kwesimba uye kupindura kwekupisa kunoenderanawo panguva yekutendeuka uye punching. Kumbira kushivirira chaiko uye sampuli yekuongorora chirongwa chepamusoro-vhoriyamu maodha.
Inotsikirirwa PVC pepa repamusoro
Kadhi-giredhi PVC pepa repakati
PVC pepa rekushandisa kuti ridhindwe
Kudhinda kwakasiyana-siyana kunogona kuda kugadzirwa kwakasiyana kwepamusoro. Tafura iri pazasi inobatsira zvikwata zvekutenga zvinhu kutsanangura zvinhu chaizvo pane kufunga kuti pepa rose rinodhindwa PVC rinochinjika.
| Kudhinda | Inokurudzirwa kusarudzwa kwe substrate | Pamberi pemvumo yakawanda, edza |
|---|---|---|
| Conventional offset | PVC giredhi ine pamusoro pezvivakwa zvinoenderana neyakasarudzwa yakajairwa ingi yekubvisa | Kunyorova, kuomesa, mavara akanaka, kunyoresa, lamination bond |
| UV kugadzirisa | PVC giredhi rinoenderana ne UV inki chemistry uye kurapa mamiriro | UV kurapa, inki adhesion, kuputika kana kusimudza mushure mekucheka |
| Kudhinda sikirini | PVC nzvimbo inofananidzwa neinki uye inki-firimu ukobvu | Kuvhara, kurapa, kukwesha, Firimu yeoverlay kunamatira |
| Mvura-based inkjet | Yakatsaurirwa inkjet-inogamuchira yakavharwa PVC giredhi, yakarairwa zvakasiyana | Kutora inki, kuomeswa, kubuda ropa, kusimba kwemufananidzo, lamination |
| Digital toner / liquid electroink | giredhi inodhindwa yakatsaurirwa, uko kunotsigirwa | Dzvanya kudyisa, toner/inki anchorage, lamination uye personalization |
Wallis inopawo zvimwe zvinhu zvekudhinda makadhi. Vatengi vanoshandisa inkjet kana digital press vanofanira kukumbira giredhi rakatsaurirwa rinoenderana pane kufunga kuti PVC offset sheet ichashanda nemuchina wavo.
Kadhi-yekugadzira inotarisisa: yakaitirwa akadhindwa akaturikidzana ayo anozove akaiswa laminated uye kubaiwa mumakadhi epurasitiki apera.
Inosarudzwa PVC mamakisi: ukobvu, Vicat, mavara uye kupera kwepamusoro zvinogona kukurukurwa zvichipesana nekuvaka kadhi remutengi.
Inodzorwa inodhinda pamusoro: referensi dyne uye roughness maitiro anotsigira kufanirwa kwezvinhu uye kudzokorora.
Akawanda maindasitiri ekushandisa: makadhi miviri yekuzivikanwa, nhengo, chipo, kuwana, mari uye kufonera mapurojekiti.
Tsika shanduko: kucheka mashizha mafomati uye kurongedza zvinogona kugadziridzwa kumatanho enhau, vhoriyamu yekugadzira uye kutumira.
Sample-inotungamirwa mvumo: vatengi vanogona kuongorora kudhinda, lamination, peeling, warpage uye punching isati yaburitswa.
Wallis PVC offset sheets anogona kushanda seakadhindwa akadhindwa kana akasarudzwa epakati zvikamu mumaindasitiri emakadhi akawanda emakadhi. Zvinodikanwa zvemainlays, machipisi, personalization uye certification ndezveakapedzwa kadhi purojekiti, kwete otomatiki kune PVC pepa pacharo.
| Kadhi application | Kugadzira kufunga |
|---|---|
| Mapurojekiti emari uye ebhengi-kadhi | Dhinda tsananguro, yakabvumidzwa kadhi stack, layer bonding, personalization uye chip / inlay zvinodiwa |
| SIM uye telecom makadhi | Thermal giredhi, module embedding, punching maitiro uye dimensional kugadzikana |
| ID yemushandi uye makadhi ekuwana | Kadhi mifananidzo, kutendeseka kwebhakodhi, Firimu yeoverlay dziviriro, RFID kubatanidzwa pazvinenge zvataurwa |
| Chipo, kuvimbika uye makadhi enhengo | Mavara emhando, kudhinda kuenderana, kuoma kwekadhi, kucheka uye kupedza |
| Makadhi asingabatike uye maviri-interface | Firimu yeoverlay /inlay musanganiswa, lamination mamiriro uye yemagetsi basa bvunzo |
Tsika dzekadhi repurasitiki mienzaniso
Offset-yakadhindwa kadhi application
ID uye kadhi renhengo samples
Vagadziri vemakadhi emari vanogona kushandisa yakatsanangurwa offset-giredhi PVC muzvikamu zvakadhindwa zvekuvaka kadhi rakatenderwa. Gungano rakazara rinofanira kunge rakakodzera chirongwa chekadhi rakatarwa; kugovera PVC shizha rega hazviratidze kutevedzera kubhadhara-network kana chip-kadhi zvinodiwa.
Muedzo wemumiriri unofanirwa kuongorora inki adhesion, kunyoresa kudhinda, laminating bond, kadhi flatness, kufa punching uye kunotevera personalization. Sarudza iyo inopisa giredhi zvinoenderana neyakatenderwa mutengi kutsanangurwa pane kufunga imwe Vicat kukosha kwakakodzera kune yega yega bhangi chirongwa.
PVC substrate mumapurojekiti emakadhi emari
Laminated kadhi gungano muenzaniso
Miviri yeSIM-kadhi uye vatakuri vemakadhi ekufonera vanogona kuda yakasarudzika yekupisa uye michina zvivakwa kuti vamire punching uye module kusangana. Chigadzirwa chinongedzo chinosanganisira yakakwira-Vicat SIM-kadhi giredhi, asi kuita chaiko kunofanirwa kutariswa mukuita kwemutengi.
Simbisa iyo yakapera kadhi fomati, shizha geji, module geometry, kudzvanya marongero, lamination kutenderera uye kubaya kunofa. Bvumira masampuli akashandurwa, anosanganisira emhando yemhando uye chero zvinhu zvakadzimirirwa, isati yagadzirwa kwenguva refu.
PVC shizha rekugadzira SIM-kadhi
Telecom kadhi kugadzira zvinhu
Tsanangura chimiro chekupedzisira chemakadhi. Taura makubvu, Firimu yeoverlay zvinhu, chero inlay kana chip module, uye chinangwa chakapera-kadhi geji.
Sarudza giredhi PVC inodhinda. Simbisa ruvara, geji, saizi yeshizha, giredhi yekupisa uye pamusoro-simba / kushata zvinodiwa.
Tarisa kuchengetedza uye mamiriro ezvinhu. Chengetedza mapepa akati sandara, akadzivirirwa kubva kuguruva nemafuta, uye jairana usati waisa kudhinda.
Ita muyedzo wenhau yeoffset. Ongorora kunyorova kweinki, tsananguro yemufananidzo, kunyoresa, kuomesa kana UV kurapa uye kunamatira.
Unganidza uye laminate zvidimbu. Simbisa tembiricha, kudzvanywa, nguva yekugara, kutonhora uye Firimu yeoverlay kusungirirana kweseta.
Ongorora makadhi apedzwa. Yera kupfava, kukanganiswa kwekuona, kukuvadzwa kweinki, layer peel, edge quality uye mashandiro anoita pazvinenge zvakakodzera.
Muedzo wakarongeka wemuenzaniso unogona kubatsira kuona kana kukanganisa kunobva ku PVC pamusoro, inki kana kurapa mamiriro, zvisingaenderane Firimu yeoverlay , kana nzira yekurarisa.
| Dambudziko | Zvinogona kupa zvinhu | Zvinokurudzirwa kuongorora |
|---|---|---|
| Ingi isina kumira zvakanaka | Kusvibiswa kwepamusoro, kusakwana kunyorova, inki isingaenderane kana kurapwa kusina kukwana | Yera pamusoro pesimba uye edza iyo inki yakasarudzwa, nzira yekuchenesa uye yekurapa chimiro |
| Dhinda kuputika mushure mekucheka | Brittle inki firimu, isina kukodzera Firimu yeoverlay , kuomesera kwakawandisa, kutenderera kwelamination kwakashata | Edzai ingi- PVC - Firimu yeoverlay stack panguva inodzorwa, kudzvanywa uye tembiricha |
| Mabhubhu kana kupatsanurwa kwedandemutande | Hunyoro, mhepo yakavharirwa, kusapindirana kwezvinhu kana kupisa kusina kuenzana | Dry/condition sheets uye tarisa yakazara stack, press cycle uye peel simba |
| Sheet warpage | Makadhi asina kuenzana akaturikidzana, kushushikana kwekupisa, kusiyanisa ukobvu kana kutonhora kusiri iko | Tarisa chimiro symmetry, press profile, kutonhora uye flatness |
| Kunyoresa kukanganisa | Sheet dimensional kusiyanisa, kudyisa kudzvanya kana kufamba kwemafuta | Tarisa shizha saizi kushivirira, flatness, kudyisa uye kunyoreswa kwekudhinda |
| Kusaenderana kwemavara | Substrate kuchena, kusiyanisa kwepamusoro, zvigadziriso zveinki kana kurapa kusiyanisa | Bvumira mwero wekudhinda wemuviri uye tevera batch ruvara uye kudhinda marongero |
Wallis inogona kukurukura sarudzo dzekugovera maindasitiri zvichibva pane yakasarudzwa PVC giredhi. Zvinodiwa zvinofanirwa kunyorwa mukotesheni uye kuodha kusimbiswa, kunyanya uko mafekitori akawanda kana kudzokorora maodha anoda kuenderana.
| Customization Item | Izvo B2B Vatengi Vanofanira Kutsanangura |
|---|---|
| Ukobvu | Reference range 0.10–0.85 mm; inodiwa yezita gauge uye ukobvu kushivirira |
| Ruvara / opacity | Muchena, dema kana tsika ruvara; chimiro chemuviri uye kutenderwa kwemavara kutsauka |
| Sheet zviyero | Dhinda fomati, kuisirwa kadhi, muchina wekudyisa miganho, kushivirira kwekucheka uye kutaridzika |
| Thermal / kudhinda giredhi | Vicat chinangwa, simba repamusoro, Ra/Rz uye nzira yekudhinda |
| Packaging | Mashizha anoparadzanisa, kuchengetedzwa kwemwando, katoni / pallet kumisikidzwa, mavara uye batch chiziviso. |
Chitarisiko: kuchena, kukanganiswa kwekuona, mamiriro epamusoro uye ruvara rwakafanana.
Dimensions: sheet hupamhi / kureba, ukobvu kugovera, flatness uye squareness.
Kudhinda: inki kunyorova, ruvara, kurapa, kunamatira uye kunyoresa pamushini wemutengi.
Thermal mhinduro: Vicat giredhi uye maitiro mune yakarongwa lamination kutenderera.
Yakapedzwa-kadhi bvunzo: peel kana bonding, warpage, edge mhando, kupaza uye artwork kugoneka.
Order traceability: masampuli akabvumidzwa, akabvumirana tekinoroji yakatarwa, makatoni ekumaka uye batch mareferensi.
Pakugadzirwa kwemakadhi eindasitiri, kubata zvinhu kunoenderana zvakanyanya semufananidzo wakadhindwa. Wallis inotsigira PVC pepa rekupa, kuongororwa kwebhetch, kucheka-kusvika-saizi mafomati uye kurongedza kunze kwenyika zvinoenderana neyakabvumidzwa odha yakatarwa.
PVC mutsara wekugadzira mapepa
Kadhi-giredhi PVC sheet warehouse
Chengetedza mashizha anouya akatsetseka uye akaoma mukudzivirira kwekudzivirira, kure nechiedza chezuva chakananga, guruva, condensation uye kupisa kwakanyanya. Chengetedza mapaketi akavharwa kusvika pazvinenge zvichidiwa uye bvumidza zvinhu zvinopinda kuti zvienderane nekamuri yekudhinda kana tembiricha yekufambisa ichisiyana zvakanyanya.
Kuti ugamuchire kurudziro yakakodzera yezvinhu uye nemitengo yakajeka yeB2B, sanganisira zviri pazasi kana uchibata Wallis:
Yapedza kadhi application uye inodiwa kuvaka kana layer diagraph.
PVC sheet nominal thickness, sheet size, color, surface giredhi uye pagore kudiwa.
Offset kana screen press modhi, inki chemistry uye zvakajairika kuomesa/ UV kurapa maitiro.
Target Vicat, dyne, Ra/Rz, tensile simba kana imwe nzira yekugamuchira painodiwa.
Transparent Firimu yeoverlay , adhesive, magnetic stripe, chip kana RFID inlay zvinodiwa.
Lamination resipi, fomati yemidziyo, bvunzo zviyero uye kubvumidzwa sampuli zvinodiwa.
Export packaging fomati, kwekuenda, mazwi ekutumira uye inotarisirwa kurongeka hurongwa.
Bata Wallis yeTechnical Sheet uye B2B Quote
Iyo inodhinda yakasimba PVC substrate inoshandiswa mukugadzira akawanda epurasitiki kadhi kadhi. Mapurojekiti akajairika anosanganisira makadhi enhengo, makadhi eID, makadhi ezvipo, makadhi ekuwana uye akasarudzwa ebhangi-kadhi kana telecom kadhi zvimiro.
Aiwa. Giredhi redhindi reoffset rinogadzirwa kana kuti rinogadziriswa ingi dzeoffset. Mvura-based inkjet inowanzoda yakatsaurirwa inki-inogamuchira coating. Sarudza giredhi rakakodzera uye simbisa kuita neprinta chaiyo neingi.
Magiredhi akasarudzwa anogona kuongororwa kudhindwa kwechidzitiro, chero kunze, inki chemistry, kurapwa uye kunotevera kuvaka laminate kunowirirana. Sample printing uye adhesion bvunzo zvinokurudzirwa.
Ichi chigadzirwa renji chinonyora ukobvu hwereferenzi hwe0.10-0.85 mm. Chaiyo stock kana magaji echinyakare zvinoenderana neruvara, giredhi uye huwandu hwekugadzira. Simbisa ukobvu huripo uye kushivirira nekotesheni yazvino.
Yedu tekinoroji referensi inosanganisira akati wandei Vicat mamakisi, kusanganisira yepamusoro-tembiricha giredhi yakabatana nemapurojekiti eSIM-kadhi. Sarudzo inofanirwa kutevedzera kuvakwa kwekadhi rakapedzwa, kutenderera kwelamination uye maitiro ekufanirwa kwevatengi.
Kwete. Simba repamusoro chiratidzo chimwe chete. Ingi kuumbwa, kudzvanya marongero, kuchena, kuomesa/ UV kurapa uye kunotevera lamination kunokanganisa kunamatira uye kutaridzika.
Ra is avhareji profile roughness value; Rz inoratidza yakakura peak-ku-mupata chimiro zvinoenderana neyakasarudzwa nzira yekuyedza. Ose ari maviri anofanirwa kuongororwa nemaitiro ekudhinda kwete kushandiswa sezvivimbiso zvemhando yega.
Hongu, kana iyo PVC , yakadhindwa inki layer uye yakajeka Firimu yeoverlay inowirirana. Edza iyo yakazara stack yekubatanidza, mabhuru, kukuvadza kudhinda, warpage uye kupera kwepamusoro pamberi pekugadzirwa kwekutengesa.
Inogona kushandiswa seyakadhindwa kana dhizaini dhizaini mune multilayer smart-kadhi dhizaini. Iyo inlay, antenna, encapsulation uye lamination kutenderera kunofanirwa kugadzirwa uye kuyedzwa zvakasiyana.
Inogona kunge iri chinhu chimwe chete mune inokwanisa makadhi emari system, asi shiti pacharo harigadziri EMV kana kubhadhara-netiweki mvumo. Mugadziri wemakadhi anofanira kusimbisa gungano rakapedzwa kune zvinodiwa zveprojekiti.
Muchena, dema uye purojekiti-chaiwo mavara, akachekwa zviyero, ukobvu uye kurongedza zvinogona kukurukurwa nezve OEM kupa. Simbisa mataurirwo chaiwo, hushoma hwekurongeka huwandu uye kushivirira usati waisa odha.
Zvikonzero zvingangove zvinosanganisira kusakwana kwekurapa inki, inki dzisingaenderane kana Firimu yeoverlay s, kusvibiswa, kuwandisa mwando uye nelamination mamiriro asina kunaka. Edza chimiro chemakadhi akazara uye kuyera simba rebhondi kuti uwane chikonzero.
Chengetedza mapepa akavharwa, akatsetseka, akachena uye akaoma, akachengetedzwa kubva kuguruva, kupisa uye zuva rakananga. Bvumira zvinhu kuti zvienderane nemamiriro ekugadzirwa zvisati zvavhurwa uye kudhindwa.
Ehe. Goverana ukobvu hwako, saizi, ruvara, midziyo yekutsikirira, inki, Firimu yeoverlay uye zvinodiwa pakushandisa kuitira kuti giredhi rakasarudzwa riongororwe kuburikidza nekudhinda, lamination uye punching miedzo.
Ipa shizha ukobvu uye zviyero, ruvara, huwandu, printa neingi, lamination ruzivo, inodiwa tekinoroji paramita, kurongedza, kwekuenda uye inotarisirwa hurongwa.
Wallis inoshanda nevagadziri vemakadhi epurasitiki, maprinta ekutengesa, smart-card integrators, vanopinza kunze uye vanogovera zvinhu. Bata timu nezvako zvehunyanzvi zvinodiwa kuti ukurukure iyo chaiyo PVC offset sheet giredhi, sampuli yekuyedza, tsika shanduko, kurongedza kunze uye kutengesa kweholesele.
Kumbira Samples uye Fekitori-Yakananga Mitengo
