|
kadhi zvinhu
Wallis
| Ruvara: | |
|---|---|
| Chishandiso: | |
| mukana: | |
| Huwandu: | |
Wallis holographic PVC muraraungu wakafukidzira firimu chinhu chakajeka chekushongedza uye chekudzivirira kadhi-lamination zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa nyanzvi dzekugadzira makadhi epurasitiki. Iyo yakafukidzira inowedzera murarabungu-inotsamira pakona kana diffractive pateni ichibvumira yakadhindwa mifananidzo, zvinyorwa, mafoto, mabhakodhi uye rumwe ruzivo rwemakadhi kuti arambe achionekwa.
Izvo zvinhu zvinogona kupihwa neakajairwa murarabungu mapatani kana purojekiti-chaiwo magadzirirwo emakadhi enhengo, makadhi ezvipo, makadhi eVIP, makadhi kiyi ehotera, makadhi ekuwana, makadhi ekuzivikanwa, mapurojekiti emakadhi ane chekuita nebhengi uye mamwe malaminated PVC kadhi application. Ukobvu, saizi yeshiti, kutungamira kwepateni, kujeka, giredhi rekupotera, kurongedza uye kunyora kwakavanzika kunogona kukurukurwa nezvekugadzirwa kweOEM.
Musiyano wakakosha wechigadzirwa: peji ino inotsanangura pepa-fomu PVC pamusoro peiyo inodzorwa kadhi lamination. Desktop card-printer overlaminates, pressure-sensitive cold-lamination films, hot-stamping foils uye rigid holographic PVC core sheets zvigadzirwa zvakasiyana uye hazvifanirwe kubatwa seanochinjika.
| Parameter | B2B | Yakananga Mutengi Simbiso |
|---|---|---|
| Product Type | Yakajeka kana hafu-yakajeka holographic PVC kadhi pamusoro pefirimu | Simbisa sheet-form inopisa-lamination overlay pane kuti printer ribhoni, pressure-sensitive film or hot-stamping foil. |
| Base Material | PVC pamusoro giredhi kuti inowirirana PVC kadhi zvimiro | Zvimwe zvinhu zvekadhi-muviri zvinoda kubatana uye kupedza-kadhi bvunzo isati yabvumidzwa. |
| Current Thickness Range | Inenge 0.04-0.10mm maererano neruzivo rwechigadzirwa chakapihwa; customized sarudzo dziri pasi pekusimbiswa | Rondedzera imwe neimwe kumberi uye kumashure ukobvu hwepamusoro uye chinangwa chakapedzwa-kadhi ukobvu. |
| Sheet size | Customized upamhi uye kureba; mafomu akajairika ekugadzira makadhi anogona kuongororwa | Ipa saizi yekutsikisa, saizi yakadhindwa, kadhi matrix, trim margin uye feed direction. |
| Optical Effect | Muraravungu, doti, nyeredzi, grid, geometric, chiedza-danda, logo kana purojekiti-chaiyo holographic pateni | Bvumira chimiro chechimiro chechimiro nekuti chitarisiko chinoshanduka nemwenje, substrate ruvara uye kona yekuona. |
| Transparency | Transparent kana semi-transparent, zvichienderana nepateni density uye kuvaka | Tsanangura kuoneka kunogamuchirika kwemifananidzo, mavara akanaka, QR kodhi, mabarcode uye kuchengetedza kudhinda. |
| Surface Finish | Glossy holographic; kumwe kupedzisa kunoenderana nekuongororwa kweprojekiti | Simbisa gloss, haze, magadzirirwo uye kukwenya zvinodiwa pane yekupedzisira laminated kadhi. |
| Lamination | Yakagadzirirwa makadhi akakodzera ekupisa-lamination maitiro ane coating inoenderana, ingi uye core sheets | Tembiricha, kudzvanywa, nguva yekugara, kutonhora uye kurongedza mamiriro anofanira kusimbiswa pamidziyo yemutengi. |
| Kudhinda | Kazhinji laminated pamusoro yakadhindwa kadhi musimboti; kudhinda kwakananga kunoda giredhi rakakodzera rakarapwa kana rakavharwa | Ziva inki system, divi rekudhinda, nzira yekurapa uye kana iyo yakavharika pachayo ichadhindwa. |
| Customization | Pateni, logo, zvinyorwa, kutaridzika, saizi, kupeta, kurongedza uye kunyora | Tsika chengetedzo artwork ingangoda mavambo, humbowo, maitiro ekunyoresa uye purojekiti-chaiwo hushoma huwandu. |
Ese ekupedzisira kukosha-kusanganisira ukobvu kushivirira, kushivirira kweshizha, kusimba kwemaziso, haze, simba rekuputira, hwindo relamination, peel performance, kunyoreswa kwepateni uye huwandu hwehurongwa-hunofanira kusimbiswa mune yakabvumidzwa yakatarwa, makotesheni uye sampuli yemuviri.
Holographic PVC kadhi yakavharika itete rakajeka rakaiswa pamusoro kana pazasi pekadhinda kadhi musimboti panguva inopisa yekupisa. Iyo yakafukidzirwa inobatsira kuumba kunze kwekadhi pamusoro paunenge wakatakura diffractive optical pateni iyo inoburitsa inochinja mavara emuraraungu pasi pemwenje wakasiyana uye makona ekuona.
Muchigadziro chemakadhi akakodzera, kuvharika kunogona kusanganisa mabasa matatu: kuchengetedza ruzivo rwakadhindwa kubva pakubata nguva dzose, kutsigira kusungirirwa pakati pemakadhi emakadhi, uye kuwedzera chinooneka chekushongedza kana chekuongorora. Kuita kunoenderana nekuvakwa kwekadhi rakazara kwete kuvharika chete.
| Layer | Typical Function | Critical Check |
|---|---|---|
| Front Holographic Overlay | Optical effect, yakadhindwa-chifananidzo chekudzivirira uye kupera kwepamusoro | Pateni kutaridzika, kujeka, kupfekedza divi uye kuiswa kwechimiro |
| Yakadhindwa Front Core | Artwork, personalization kumashure, mavara uye mhando mavara | Ingi kurapwa, yakazara inki kufukidzwa uye kuenderana kwekubatanidza |
| Pakati Core kana RFID Prelam | Kadhi ukobvu, kuoma, chip uye antenna chimiro pazvinoshanda | Layer ukobvu, antenna clearance, chip chinzvimbo uye lamination pressure |
| Yakadhindwa Back Core | Reverse girafu, mirairo, siginecha kana magineti-stripe kumashure | Kunyoresa, inki kuenderana uye kushanda-nzvimbo clearance |
| Back Overlay | Reverse-side kudzivirira; inogona kunge yakajeka, holographic kana magnetic-stripe overlay | Ukobvu chiyero, mitsetse chinzvimbo, coating uye yekupedzisira flatness |
A holographic overlay kazhinji itete rekunze rakajeka. Iyo holographic PVC musimboti shiti yakakora uye inoita seyakaumbwa kana yekushongedza kadhi-muviri layer. Kusarudza chigadzirwa chisina kunaka chinogona kushandura ukobvu hwekupedzisira, kudhinda opacity, lamination maitiro uye punching mhando.
Roll-form overlaminates inoshandiswa mudesktop kadhi maprinta anogadzirwa kune chaiyo printer uye laminator modhi. Sheet-fomu PVC pamusoro pekugadzirwa kweindasitiri hot-press kadhi haifanirwe kufungidzirwa kuti inokodzera iwo michina.
| Yekuputira Sarudzo | Inooneka kana Chengetedzo Chinangwa | Chakanakisa-Yakakodzera Kadhi Mapurojekiti | Mvumo Yekutarisa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Transparent Rainbow Pattern | Inowedzera akona-inotsamira ruvara spectrum uku ichichengeta pasi kudhinda kunoonekwa | Nhengo, chipo, hotera, kuwana uye makadhi ekusimudzira | Kujeka pamusoro pemifananidzo, zvinyorwa uye barcode |
| Standard Kudzokorora Patani | Inoshandisa nyeredzi, madoti, magidhi, masaisai kana geometric motifs yekushongedza kunoenderana | Mapurogiramu emakadhi ekutengesa epamusoro-soro | Muenzaniso kudzokorora, kutungamira, musono uye kadhi-kune-kadhi kuenderana |
| Custom Logo kana Text Pateni | Inobatanidza mucherechedzo wechiratidzo, zita renzvimbo kana purojekiti-chaiyo yekuona chinhu | Zvirongwa zveBrand, makadhi eprimiyamu uye anodzorwa-nyaya mapurojekiti | Artwork muridzi, humbowo hwekutanga, logo chiyero uye kunyoreswa |
| Fine-Line kana Microtext Concept | Inogona kupa yakawanda yakadzama yekuona yechokwadi kana ichitsigirwa neyakasarudzwa yekugadzira maitiro | Kuzivikanwa uye zvirongwa zvekuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro | Feature resolution, kuverenga, nzira yechokwadi uye tenzi akabvumidzwa |
| Chikamu kana Yakanyoreswa Holographic Nzvimbo | Inoisa mhedzisiro munzvimbo yakatsanangurwa kwete mhiri kwekadhi rakazara | Makadhi ane mifananidzo, mahwindo, machipisi, siginicha kana nzvimbo dzinodzorwa dzemhando | X/Y kunyoresa kushivirira, kadhi matrix uye punching alignment |
| Decorative Dense Effect | Inogadzira simba rekuona rakasimba asi rinogona kuderedza kuoneka kwedhizaini yakadhindwa | VIP, umbozha, varaidzo uye makadhi ezvipo | Opacity, white-underprint strategy uye artwork kusiyana |
Yakajairwa holographic pateni inogona kuvandudza kusiyanisa kwekuona, asi haifanirwe kumiririrwa seyakakwana anti-yekunyepedzera system pachayo. Yepamusoro-chengetedzo mapurojekiti anofanirwa kutsanangura maficha echokwadi, anodzorwa artwork, kuburitsa zvidzoreso uye yakazara credential-chengetedzo yekuvaka.
| Maitiro | Echishandiso Format | Mashandisirwo Aanoitwa | Yakakosha Limitation. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Industrial Hot-Press Card Lamination | Sheet-fomu PVC pamusoro | Kupisa, kudzvanywa, kugara nguva uye inodzorwa kutonhora bhondi ese makadhi akaturikidzana | Inoda kuenzanisa musimboti, inki, kukoira uye lamination paramita |
| Pressure-Sensitive Cold Lamination | Self-adhesive film | Pressure-sensitive adhesive bonds isina kadhi hot-press cycle | Ichi chivakwa chakasiyana chekunamira uye hachisi icho chakasarudzika chigadzirwa chinotsanangurwa pano |
| Sravana Sameeralu Serial 4th Hot Stamping | Chinja foil pane mutakuri | Kupisa uye kumanikidza kutamisa nzvimbo dzakasarudzwa holographic kune kadhi pamusoro | Kwete yakazara inodzivirira yakafukidza layer; tooling uye kutamisa mamiriro akasiyana |
| Desktop Printer Overlamination | Model-specific roll laminate kana patch laminate | Inoshandiswa neyakasanganiswa kana yekunze kadhi-printer laminator | Inofanirwa kuenderana neprinta modhi, chigamba geometry, sensor mamaki uye roll core |
Kunyanya tembiricha kana nguva yekugara inogona kukanganisa iyo optical pateni, kukonzera mhute, kudzikisa pepa kana kugadzira kadhi warpage. Kusakwana kupisa, kudzvanywa kana kuenderana kwekupfeka kunogona kukonzera mabhuru, kusimudza mupendero kana delamination. Iwindo rakakodzera rinofanirwa kugadzikwa uchishandisa chaiyo yakadhindwa musimboti, kufukidza ukobvu, kudzvanya, mahwendefa ekuparadzanisa uye kutonhora kutenderera.
Kune akawanda makadhi zvimiro, mifananidzo inodhindwa pane kadhi musimboti uye iyo holographic yakavharika yakavharwa pamusoro payo. Kudhinda kwakananga pachifukidziro kunofanirwa kutsanangurwa chete kana nzvimbo yakapihwa yakagadziridzwa uye yakaedzwa kune yakakodzera inki system.
| Nzira Yekugadzira | Inokurudzirwa Kuongorora | Typical Risk |
|---|---|---|
| Offset-Printed Core + Overlay | Tarisa oxidative kana UV inki kurapwa, kufukidzwa kweinki, giredhi rekupotera uye kusvuura simba mushure mekuchenesa | Kusabatana kwakashata pamusoro pekuvhara kweinki inorema kana inki isina kupora |
| Silk-Screen-Printed Core + Overlay | Tarisa ukuru hweinki, kusunungurwa kwe solvent, flat flatness uye kumucheto kusungirirwa | Yakasimudza inki deposits, yakavharirwa solvent kana mabhuru emunharaunda |
| UV Digital-Printed Core + Overlay | Simbisa yakarapwa inki chemistry uye kunamatira kune yakasarudzwa yakavharidzirwa pamusoro | Delamination uko inki uye overlay coating hazvienderane |
| Kudhinda kwakananga pane Overlay | Shandisa purojekiti-chaiyo giredhi inodhinda uye bvunzo pamusoro pesimba, inki adhesion uye kurapa | Ingi isina kusimba, kukwenya kana kukanganiswa kwekuona |
| Barcode, QR Code uye Fine Text | Skena uye ongorora mushure mekupedzisira lamination pasi pemakona akawanda ekuvhenekesa | Dense holographic mhedzisiro inogona kuderedza musiyano kana scanner kuverenga |
Muraraungu wakafukidzira wakavharika unogona kuwedzera mutsauko wekuona uye kudzivirira akadhindwa emhando yemifananidzo pamakadhi anoshandiswa nevatengesi, makirabhu, nzvimbo dzevaraidzo, nzvimbo dzekutandarira, maresitorendi uye mapurogiramu ekutanga enhengo.
Holographic mhedzisiro inogona kutsigira mwaka nemwaka mishandirapamwe, mashoma edition uye yakakwirira-impact yekusimudzira mifananidzo. Vatengi vanofanirwa kuona kuverengeka kwebhakodhi, kuita kwekukwenya uye kuenderana kwekurongedza-mutsara pakadhi rapera.
Iyo yakafukidzirwa inogona kubatanidzwa mune inoenderana magineti-stripe, RFID kana isina kubata kadhi zvimiro. Kuiswa kwepateni kunofanirwa kudzivirira kuvhiringa nzvimbo dzinoshanda, uye kadhi rakazara rinofanirwa kuyedzwa mukiyi yakarongerwa kana system yekuverenga.
Tsika optical mapatani anogona kupa inooneka yechokwadi cue. Hurumende, mapurojekiti emari uye ekuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro anofanirwa kutsanangura zviyero zvinodikanwa, mwero wekuchengetedza, kudzora mabasa emifananidzo, kurongeka uye nzira yekusimbisa pane kuvimba neiyo generic muraraungu mhedzisiro.
Kubhadhara kana maviri-interface mapurojekiti, iyo yakavharika inofanirwa kuongororwa sechikamu cheyakazara yakabvumidzwa kadhi kuvaka. Chip-module milling, antenna chinzvimbo, magineti mutsara, siginecha pani, embossing, personalization uye inoshanda chirongwa zvinodiwa zvese zvinofanirwa kutariswa.
| Kadhi Yekuongorora | Chinhu Chekutarisa | Inokurudzirwa Danho |
|---|---|---|
| Hukuru uye Sheet size | Avhareji ukobvu, kuchinjika-shizha kufanana, kureba, hupamhi, squareness uye mupendero mhando | Inouya yekuongorora uye batch kuburitswa |
| Kujeka uye Haze | Kuonekwa kwemifananidzo, zvinyorwa, magiraidhi uye zvinhu zvinoverengeka muchina mushure mekucheka | Sample mvumo uye kupera-kadhi kuongororwa |
| Muenzaniso Kuonekwa | Kuchinja kweruvara, kupenya, density yepateni, kudzokorora kusachinja-chinja, kukanganisa uye kusvibiswa | Incoming inspection pasi pechiedza chakatsanangurwa |
| Pateni Kutungamira uye Kunyoresa | Longitudinal / transverse orientation, X / Y chinzvimbo uye kurongeka kune kadhi yekucheka marongero | Artwork humbowo, pepa rekuyedza uye kugadzirwa kwekutanga |
| Coating Side uye Bonding | Kwakaringana coating kutarisisa, peel maitiro, edge bonding, mabhuru uye delamination | Lamination muyedzo uye kuchembera kuongororwa |
| Surface Quality | Kukwenya, matinji, kuvharisa, huruva, gloss musiyano uye mavanga ekubata | Kupinda uye kuongorora kwekupedzisira |
| Yakapedza-Kadhi Geometry | Ukobvu hwakazara, flatness, warpage, edge mamiriro uye punching mhando | Mushure me lamination, kutonhora uye kadhi punching |
| Kushanda Kuenderana | Barcode/QR scanning, magnetic-stripe encoding, RFID kuverenga, chip-module kugadzirisa uye personalization. | Pilot kugadzira uchishandisa midziyo chaiyo |
Simbisa chimiro chekadhi, kupedzwa ukobvu, nzvimbo yekufukidza uye nzvimbo dzinoshanda.
Sarudza yakajairika patani kana bvumidza tsika optical artwork uye orientation.
Gadzira sampu yechinhu uchishandisa ukobvu hunotsanangurwa, kupeta uye dhizaini dhizaini.
Dhinda iyo chaiyo kadhi musimboti neingi yekugadzira uye yakajairika inki coverage.
Laminate, inotonhorera uye punch makadhi uchishandisa mutengi anodiwa midziyo uye maitiro.
Ongorora chitarisiko, svuura simba, mabhuru, warpage, scanning uye mashandiro anoita.
Bvuma uye chengetedza yakasainwa yeGoridhe Sample seyekuona uye maitiro ereferensi yekugadzirwa kwakawanda.
| Ruzivo Ruzivo | rwekupa |
|---|---|
| Kadhi Application | Nhengo, chipo, hotera, kuwana, ID, kubhengi-inoenderana, RFID/NFC kana imwe kadhi mhando |
| Kuvaka Kadhi | Pamberi pekuvhara, macores akadhindwa, pakati core kana inlay, kumashure kwepamusoro uye chinangwa chakapedzwa ukobvu |
| Overlay Chinodiwa | Ukobvu, saizi yeshizha, giredhi rekupotera, kujeka, kupenya uye kumberi / kumashure kushandiswa |
| Holographic Effect | Muraraungu, nyeredzi, doti, gidhi, geometric, logo, zvinyorwa, chikamu chidimbu kana patani yakanyoreswa |
| Layout | Kadhi matrix, kutungamira kwepateni, kudzokorora kureba, X / Y kunyoreswa uye inoshanda-nzvimbo yakajeka nzvimbo |
| Printing Process | Offset, UV offset, sirika skrini, UV dijitari kana imwe system; cherechedza mutengesi weinki uye nzira yekurapa pazvinogoneka |
| Lamination Equipment | Dhinda modhi, rudzi rwendiro, tembiricha yakajairika, kudzvanywa, nguva yekugara uye nzira yekutonhora |
| Zvinodiwa Zvemhando | Transparency, haze, peel, scratch, kadhi flatness, scanning, RFID, magnetic stripe kana mamwe maitiro ekugamuchira |
| Commercial Information | Sampuli yehuwandu, inofungidzirwa vhoriyamu yeodha, kurongedza, mavara, kwekuenda uye zvinyorwa zvakakumbirwa |
Holographic overlay sheets inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa kubva kuguruva, kukwenya, kunyorova, kumucheto kukanganisa uye kusingadzoreki kupisa panguva yekuchengetedza uye yekufambisa kwenyika. Kurongedza kunogona kusanganisira firimu rekudzivirira, kuputira hunyoro, makatoni, mapallets, kuchengetedzwa kwekona uye mabhii akagadziridzwa zvinoenderana neyakasimbiswa.
Chengetedza rutivi rwekuputira uye nzira yemuenzaniso yakanyatsozivikanwa.
Chengetedza mapepa akafuratirwa mupakiti yekutanga uye dzivirira mitoro inorema isina kuenzana.
Bvumira zvinhu kuti zvienderane nemamiriro ekugadzira usati wavhura.
Shandisa magirovhosi akachena uye mabatiro anodzorwa neguruva kune nzvimbo dzemhando yepamusoro.
Simbisa nguva yekuchengetedza uye mamiriro mune yekupedzisira zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi.
Wallis inotsigira vanogadzira makadhi, maprinta ekuchengetedza, epurasitiki-kadhi converters, vanogovera uye zvirongwa zveOEM zvine holographic overlay zvinhu kusarudzwa, masampuli emuviri, akagadziridzwa pateni kuvandudza, kushandura pepa, kurongedza kunze kwenyika uye zvine chekuita nekadhi-material sourcing.
Yakajairika uye tsika holographic maitiro sarudzo.
Customized overlay ukobvu, saizi, pateni gwara, kupeta uye kurongedza.
Sample rutsigiro kudhinda, lamination, punching uye kupedza-kadhi bvunzo.
Inoenderana PVC musimboti, shizha rinodhindwa, magineti-mutsetse wepamusoro uye RFID inlay zvinhu.
B2B kutaurirana kwakavakirwa padhirowa, zvakatemwa, sampuli dzakabvumidzwa uye batch zvinodiwa.
Mufananidzo unotevera wemhinduro yemutengi wachengetwa kubva pamapeji akapihwa.
Iyo yakashongedzwa pamusoro peyakadhindwa epurasitiki-kadhi musimboti wekuwedzera muraraungu wakajeka kana tsika optical athari, chengetedza akadhindwa magiraidhi uye kubatsira kuumba yakapedzwa kadhi kumusoro.
Kwete. Kufukidzira kazhinji kacho chidimbu chekunze chinoonekera. Holographic musimboti pepa ndeye yakakora zvimiro kana yekushongedza layer mukati memuviri wekadhi. Ukobvu hwavo, kudhinda uye lamination mabasa akasiyana.
Ruzivo rwechigadzirwa chinopihwa runonyora dzinenge 0.04-0.10mm. Ukobvu hwakakodzera hunoenderana nekumberi uye kumashure kwepamusoro, epakati maseru, RFID inlay uye chinangwa chakapedzwa-kadhi ukobvu. Sarudzo dzekupedzisira dzinofanirwa kusimbiswa mune quotation uye sampuro yakabvumidzwa.
Tsika logos, zvinyorwa, geometry uye purojekiti-chaiyo yekuona mapatani anogona kuongororwa. Kubudirira kunowanzoda ongororo yemifananidzo, mabviro, humbowo hwemuviri, maitiro ekunyoresa uye kusimbiswa kwekutengesa.
Hapana imwe yekushongedza yakafukidzwa inogona kuvimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwakazara. Tsika holographic ficha inogona kutsigira kuona kwechokwadi, asi yakachengeteka zvitupa zvinodawo inodzorwa mifananidzo, kuburitsa, kuchengetedza data, personalization uye mamwe projekiti-chaiwo kuchengetedza.
Chimiro chemazuva ose chinoisa chifukidziro pamusoro pesimbi yakadhindwa. Kudhinda kwakananga kunogoneka chete kana chifukidziro chakapihwa chine mushonga unodhinda wakakodzera uye ukapasa bvunzo dzekunamira, kupora uye lamination neinki chaiyo yemutengi.
Iyo inoitirwa kuti ikwanise PVC kadhi lamination, asi mutengi anofanira kusimbisa tembiricha, kudzvanywa, nguva, kutonhora, kupfekedza uye kuenderana kweinki kuburikidza nemuenzaniso wekugadzira.
Musanganiswa wezvinhu zvinogona kuitika, asi kubatana, kugadzikana kwedimensional uye kupera-kadhi kusimba kunofanirwa kuongororwa. Iyo PVC yakavharika haifanire kungofungidzirwa kuti inosungirirana nemazvo kune yega yega kadhi substrate.
Ehe, kana yasanganisirwa mune yakasimbiswa RFID kana NFC kadhi kuvaka. Kadhi rakazara rinofanirwa kuyedzwa mushure mekuramwa uye kubaya kuti uone kuita kweantenna, chip chinzvimbo, kudzika kwekadhi uye hunhu hwekuverenga chinangwa.
Ipa iyo yakazara pepa dhizaini, kadhi matrix, punching mutsara, maficha anorongerwa, feed direction, pateni kudzokorora uye inogamuchirwa X/Y kushivirira. Pepa rekuyedza rakanyoreswa rinofanirwa kubvumidzwa pamberi pekugadzirwa kwakawanda.
Chitarisiko chekuyedza, kujeka, mhute, kudhinda kuoneka, mativi ekunamira, kusvuura simba, mabhuru, kumucheto kusungirira, kukwenya, warpage, ukobvu hwekupedzisira, kubaya uye chero barcode, magnetic-stripe, chip kana RFID mabasa.
Tumira kadhi rekushandisa, dhizaini dhizaini, kupedzwa ukobvu, kufukidzira ukobvu, saizi yeshiti, patani, pachena, kunyoreswa, inki maitiro, marongero ekugadzirisa, huwandu hunofungidzirwa, kurongedza uye kwekuenda.
