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Chithunzi cha PVC
WALLIS
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Wallis pharmaceutical PVC/PE composite rigid film ndi multilayer thermoforming material yopangidwira mankhwala, chisamaliro chaumoyo komanso zida zapadera zachipatala. Kapangidwe kameneka kakuphatikiza kulimba ndi magwiridwe antchito a thermoforming a PVC ndi wosanjikiza wa PE womwe ungathe kuthandizira kusindikiza, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala komanso kukana mankhwala molingana ndi kapangidwe kake ka ma CD.
Wopezeka mu makulidwe kuyambira 0.15 mm mpaka 0.80 mm ndi m'lifupi mpaka 680 mm, filimu yamagulu a PVC/PE imatha kuperekedwa mumitundu yowonekera, yamitundu kapena yowoneka bwino yokhala ndi zonyezimira kapena zonyezimira. Mipukutu ndi mtundu wamba woperekera, pomwe mapepala amatha kukambidwa pama projekiti osinthidwa makonda.
Kanema wa PVC/PE laminated ndiwofunikira makamaka pakuyika kwa mlingo wa thermoformed unit, ma suppository, mapaketi apadera amankhwala, ma tray amankhwala ndi mapulogalamu omwe kulumikizidwa kwa PE kapena kusindikiza kumafunika. Kapangidwe kakanema koyenera kayenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi kapangidwe kake, kupanga geometry, makina osindikizira, kasinthidwe ka makina ndi zofunikira pakuwongolera msika komwe ukupita.
| Kufotokozera kwa Parameter | / Zofunikira za Pulojekiti |
|---|---|
| Kapangidwe kazinthu | Mafilimu a PVC / PE Composite Rigid |
| Kugwiritsa Ntchito | Pharmaceutical, Suppository, Unit-Dose, Medical ndi Specialty Thermoformed Packaging |
| Kunenepa Kwambiri | 0.15 mm-0.80 mm, Kusintha Mwamakonda Anu |
| M'lifupi | Kufikira 680 mm kapena Makonda Malinga ndi Zida Zofunikira |
| Mtundu | Transparent, Colored or Opaque |
| Pamwamba Pamwamba | Wonyezimira / Matte / Mwamakonda |
| Supply Format | Mipukutu; Mapepala pa Pempho |
| Thermoforming | Gulu la Mafilimu ndi Makulidwe Ayenera Kufananizidwa ndi Cavity Geometry, Draw Depth ndi Machine Conditions |
| PE Layer Ntchito | Imathandizira Zofunikira Zolumikizana, Kusindikiza, Kusinthasintha ndi Zofunikira Zotsutsana ndi Chemical Molingana ndi Mapangidwe Osankhidwa |
| Mafuta & Chemical Resistance | Kugwiritsa Ntchito-Kudalira; Kugwirizana Kuyenera Kuyesedwa ndi Zolemba Zenizeni Zapaketi |
| Kugwirizana kwa Kutentha-Chisindikizo | Zida Zomangira, Zosindikizira, Kutentha, Kupanikizika ndi Nthawi Yokhala Ziyenera Kutsimikiziridwa Ngati Kachitidwe Kathunthu Kakuyika. |
| Zolepheretsa Magwiridwe | Tsimikizirani Zofunikira za WVTR, OTR kapena Zolepheretsa Zina Musanasankhe Zinthu |
| Mtengo wa MOQ | Kawirikawiri 500 kg; Zitsanzo kapena Zofunikira Zoyeserera Zitha kukambidwa |
| Zolemba Zoyang'anira | Tchulani Msika Komwe Mukupita Ndi Zolemba Zofunika Zamankhwala / Zachipatala Musanayitanitsa |
PVC/PE Composite Rigid Film
PVC/PE Pharmaceutical Packaging Material
Pharmaceutical PVC/PE Roll
Transparent Pharmaceutical PVC/PE Film
PVC / PE mankhwala filimu ndi laminated kapena gulu gulu ma CD zomwe wosanjikiza PVC wosanjikiza ndi polyethylene. Chigawo chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yosiyana mkati mwa mapangidwe omalizidwa.
Chigawo cha PVC chimapereka kuuma ndi kupanga mawonekedwe ofunikira kuti apange ndikusunga ma cavities a thermoformed kapena zomangira zolimba. Makulidwe a kanema ndi kapangidwe kake zimakhudza kapangidwe kake, kukhazikika kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kukhazikika kwapaketi.
Wosanjikiza wa polyethylene amatha kupereka mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana olumikizirana ndi kusindikiza kuchokera ku mono PVC. Ntchito yake yeniyeni imadalira kamangidwe ka laminate ndi mawonekedwe ake opangira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti masanjidwewo akhale ofunika kwambiri kwa ogula mankhwala.
Mapangidwe a multilayer amalola mainjiniya onyamula kuti aphatikizire zinthu zomwe zingakhale zovuta kuzipeza kuchokera ku polima imodzi. Kuphatikizika koyenera kuyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi kupanga, kusindikiza, kuyanjana kwamankhwala, chotchinga, kulumikizana kwazinthu ndi zowongolera.
Zomangamanga za PVC/PE ndizofunikira makamaka pomwe kuyika kwamankhwala kumafunikira ukonde wokhazikika wokhazikika wokhala ndi thermoformable limodzi ndi chosindikizira cha PE kapena wosanjikiza wolumikizana ndi mankhwala. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zikhale zoyenera kuyesedwa kwa mapaketi a suppository, mawonekedwe apadera amtundu wamtundu ndi ma CD ena azachipatala a thermoformed.
PVC imapereka chithandizo chofunikira kuti mupange ma cavities odziwika. Kwa ma geometries akuya kapena ovuta, mawonekedwe enieni osanjikiza, makulidwe ndi zenera la thermoforming ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa pazida za kasitomala.
PE ikhoza kuthandizira zofunikira zosindikizira kutentha mkati mwa dongosolo loyenera lonyamula. Kuchita kwa chisindikizo kumadalira kalasi ya PE, malo osindikizira otsutsana, kutentha, kupanikizika, nthawi yokhalamo komanso kuipitsidwa.
Ngati mankhwala omwe ali m'matumba ali ndi mafuta, zowonjezera kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala, kuyenera kuyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapangidwe enieniwo. Zosankha zosankha zinthu ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kusamuka koyenera, kuyanjana, kukhazikika kapena kuyezetsa kuyenerera kwa phukusi pakafunika.
Wosanjikiza wa PE amatha kupereka kukana kothandiza kwamafuta ambiri ndi malo amthupi. Chifukwa makonzedwe amankhwala amasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kuyenera kuunikiridwa mogwirizana ndi zosakaniza zenizeni ndi momwe amasungirako m'malo modalira kuti mankhwala sangagwirizane ndi mankhwala.
Wosanjikiza wa PVC amapereka kukhazikika komanso kuthekera kwa thermoforming pamabowo owoneka bwino komanso zida zomangirira zolimba. Makulidwe a kanema amatha kusinthidwa malinga ndi kuuma kofunikira komanso kuya kwa kupanga.
Chosanjikiza cha PE chimatha kuthandizira kusindikiza kuzinthu zomwe zimagwirizana. Opanga ma phukusi adziwe zenera lotsekera lolondola poyesa pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomangira ndi zida zopangira.
Magiredi owonekera amathandizira mawonekedwe azinthu ndikuwunika, pomwe mitundu yamitundu kapena yowoneka bwino imatha kuganiziridwa ngati mawonekedwe, chizindikiritso kapena kasamalidwe ka kuwala kosiyana.
Wallis imapereka makulidwe kuchokera ku 0.15 mm mpaka 0.80 mm ndi m'lifupi mpaka 680 mm, kulola otembenuza kuti atchule miyeso yazinthu malinga ndi ma CD ndi zida zofunikira.
Mipukutu ndi mtundu wapakatikati wamapangidwe wopangira mosalekeza, pomwe zofunikira zamapepala zitha kukambidwa pazapadera za thermoforming, kuyesa kapena kutembenuza ma projekiti.
| Kuganizira | Zosankha Zoyambira Zoyambira | Zosankha |
|---|---|---|
| PVC imodzi | Webusaiti yokhazikika ya thermoforming | Zoyenera pamene kupanga kokhazikika ndi zotchinga zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zovomerezeka |
| PVC/PE | Thermoformable PVC kapangidwe ndi PE kusindikiza / kukhudzana wosanjikiza | Zothandiza pa ma suppository, mlingo wa unit ndi phukusi lapadera lamankhwala lomwe limafunikira magwiridwe antchito a PE-wosanjikiza |
| PVC/PVDC | Thermoforming kapangidwe ndi kumatheka chotchinga wosanjikiza | Ganizirani pamene chinyezi chachikulu ndi zotchinga gasi zikufunika |
| PVC/PE/PVDC kapena Multilayers Other | Amaphatikiza zigawo zingapo zogwirira ntchito | Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene polojekiti ikufuna kuphatikiza komwe kumapangidwira, kukhudzana, kusindikiza ndi ntchito zotchinga |
Kapangidwe koyenera kayenera kusankhidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zokhazikika za mankhwala kapena mankhwala, njira zolumikizirana ndi mankhwala, makina osindikizira, zotchinga zotchinga ndi magwiridwe antchito. PVC/PE sayenera kungoyikidwa m'malo mwa PVDC, PCTFE yodzipatulira yotchinga kwambiri, kapenanso dongosolo lina pamene chinyezi chachikulu kapena chitetezo cha okosijeni chikufunika.
Zomangamanga za PVC/PE zitha kuwunikidwa kuti zikhale zopangira ma thermoformed suppository pomwe mapangidwe amkati, kusindikiza ndi kulumikizidwa-wosanjikiza ziyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi ngati dongosolo lathunthu.
Kanema wa PVC / Pe makonda angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mawonekedwe oyenera amtundu wamtundu womwe umafuna ziboliboli za thermoformed ndi mawonekedwe osindikiza.
Zaumoyo ndi zinthu zomwe zili pa-auntala zingafunike ma CD opangidwa ndi thermoform malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, mtundu wa mlingo ndi msika womwe mukufuna.
Pepala lolimba la PVC / Pe likhozanso kuyesedwa kuti likhale ndi ma tray oyenera a thermoformed ndi ma CD ang'onoang'ono a mankhwala omwe zinthu zomwe zasankhidwa zimakwaniritsa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala, kusindikiza ndi kuwongolera.
Makanema opangidwa ndi laminated amatha kuganiziridwa ngati mavitamini, zowonjezera ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi mlingo wa unit pamene mapangidwe ake atsimikiziridwa motsutsana ndi kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi zofunikira zogwirizanitsa.
Kumene mapangidwe ali ndi mafuta kapena zinthu zina zomwe zingagwirizane ndi zolembera, malo okhudzana ndi PE angakhale othandiza, koma kugwirizana kwenikweni kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa musanagwiritse ntchito malonda.
Wallis pakali pano amatchula makulidwe okwana 0.15 mm mpaka 0.80 mm. Kuyeza kolondola kumatengera kuya kwa kabowo, kulimba kofunikira, njira yopangira ndi kapangidwe ka phukusi.
Kwa ntchito zamakono, makulidwe athunthu okha sangakhale okwanira. Ngati ma PVC ndi ma geji osanjikiza a PE ndi ofunikira, perekani zomanga zomwe zimafunikira kapena zovomerezeka zomwe zilipo kale.
M'lifupi wamakono osiyanasiyana mpaka 680 mm. Perekani makulidwe enieni a ukonde wa makina kuti mupewe kudula kosafunikira ndikusintha kuti zigwirizane ndi zida zomwe zilipo kale.
Ma suppositories, mlingo wa mayunitsi, ma tray ndi mankhwala apadera atha kufuna kuya ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Zojambula kapena zitsanzo za paketi zimathandizira kuwunika zofunikira za thermoforming.
Tchulani zotchingira zotsutsana kapena zosindikizira ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo panopa. Kulimba kwa chisindikizo kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuphatikizika kwazinthu zenizeni ndi zoikamo zopanga.
Ngati mapangidwe omwe ali m'matumba ali ndi mafuta, zosungunulira, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito, zowonjezera kapena zinthu zina zomwe zimagwira ntchito, auzeni Wallis kuti kuyezetsa kufananiza kapena kuthandizira deta kumafunikira.
Ngati mankhwalawo ndi osagwirizana ndi chinyezi kapena oxidation-sensitive, tchulani zofunikira WVTR, OTR kapena zovomerezeka zashelufu. Mapangidwe osiyanasiyana amitundu yambiri angakhale oyenera kwambiri pamene PVC/PE sapereka chotchinga chofunikira.
'Kusamva mankhwala' sikuyenera kutanthauziridwa ngati kukana kwapadziko lonse kwa mankhwala aliwonse. Kugwirizana kwa polima kumatengera mankhwala, ndende, kutentha, nthawi yowonekera komanso kupsinjika kwamakina komwe kumayikidwa pa phukusi.
Perekani zambiri zamafuta, zosungunulira, zowonjezera, zosakaniza zogwira ntchito kapena zigawo zina zofananira ndizomwe zimapangidwira pakafunika kwambiri.
Makhalidwe a zinthu zakuthupi angasinthe ndi kutentha, nthawi yosungiramo komanso kuika maganizo. Kuyesa kuyenera kuyimilira zomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito.
Kugwirizana kuyenera kuwunikidwa pa mawonekedwe enieni a PVC/PE laminate omwe aperekedwa, osati kungotengera PVC kapena polyethylene.
PVC/PE imatha kupereka zinthu zothandiza pakuwongolera chinyezi pazosankha zomwe zasankhidwa, koma kuyenerera kwamankhwala omwe amakhudzidwa ndi chinyezi kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito deta yotchinga ndi zofunikira zakukhazikika kwazinthu.
PVC ndi PE siziyenera kufotokozedwa ngati njira yotchinga mpweya wambiri. Ngati kufalitsa kwa okosijeni wocheperako kuli kofunikira, pempho loyezera data ya OTR kapena yesani kapangidwe kamene kamakhala kotchinga kwambiri.
Kuchita kwa chisindikizo kumakhudzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka PE, kutentha kwa chisindikizo, kupanikizika, nthawi yokhalamo, kapangidwe kazitsulo ndi kuipitsidwa kwazinthu pamalo osindikizira. Mayesero opanga ayenera kukhazikitsa zenera losindikizidwa lovomerezeka.
Kuyika kwa mankhwala ndi zamankhwala kumafuna kuyenerera kwa zinthu zenizeni zomwe zaperekedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Mawu anthawi zonse akuti 'gawo lamankhwala' sayenera kulowa m'malo mwa zolembedwa zaukadaulo ndi zamalamulo.
Zofunikira pakuwongolera ndi pharmacopoeial zimasiyana pakati pa mayiko ndi magulu azogulitsa. Ogula akuyenera kuzindikira misika yomwe zinthu zomalizidwa zidzagawidwe.
Perekani kuyezetsa kulikonse kofunikira pazamankhwala, zofunikira pa kusamuka, kutsimikizika kwa pharmacopoeial, zofunikira za satifiketi kapena miyezo yokhudzana ndi kasitomala pagawo la mawu.
Zolemba ziyenera kugwirizana ndi giredi yeniyeni ya PVC/PE, kapangidwe kake, makulidwe ndi kapangidwe kazinthu zomwe zimagulidwa nthawi iliyonse yomwe kuyenerera kwapaketi kumafuna umboni wokhudzana ndi kalasi.
Ngati ma CD yomalizidwa adzadutsa EtO, ma radiation, nthunzi kapena njira ina yotseketsa, tchulani njira ndi zikhalidwe. Kugwirizana kwa sterilization sikuyenera kuganiziridwa popanda kutsimikizira filimu yeniyeni ndi kachitidwe ka phukusi.
Chithunzi cha COA-PVC Koperani →
COA-PVDC.pd Koperani →
Zofunika: Maulalo omwe alipowa ndi zolemba za PVC ndi PVDC. Siziyenera kutengedwa ngati Chikalata Chowunikira kapena chikalata chotsatira filimu yeniyeni ya PVC/PE yomwe ikugulidwa. Kuti muyenerere zachipatala, pemphani zolemba zogwirizana ndi kalasi ya PVC/PE ndi malo opangira.
Kuti mufananize mwachangu komanso mawu otengera mawu, perekani izi zikapezeka:
Zofunika okwana makulidwe
PVC ndi makulidwe a PE wosanjikiza, ngati atchulidwa
Zofunika mpukutu m'lifupi
Core mkati mwake
Zolemba malire mpukutu kunja awiri kapena mpukutu kulemera
Zofunika zowonekera, zamitundu kapena zowonekera
Yonyezimira kapena matte pamwamba
Pakiti yamankhwala kapena mankhwala
Kukula kwa mphako ndi kuya kwa kupanga
Package makina chitsanzo
Zotchingira kapena zopinga zosindikiza
Mafuta kapena zofunikira zogwirizana ndi mankhwala
Chofunika WVTR / OTR kapena alumali moyo chandamale
Njira yotseketsa, ngati ilipo
Msika wopita
Zolemba zofunikira zowongolera kapena zamankhwala
Kulamula kuchuluka kapena kufunika pachaka
Ngati mukusintha filimu yoyenerera yomwe ilipo, kupereka zomwe zilipo panopa, pepala lachidziwitso chaukadaulo kapena zitsanzo zakuthupi zingathandize kuchepetsa zolakwika zatsatanetsatane.
Mitundu yamakono ya PVC / PE imathandizira makulidwe onse kuchokera pa 0.15 mm mpaka 0.80 mm, kulola kusankha zinthu molingana ndi ma CD geometry ndi kupanga zofunikira.
Kutalikirana kwapaintaneti kosinthidwa makonda kutha kuthandizira zosinthira zamankhwala ndi zamankhwala kuti zigwirizane bwino ndi zida ndi zida zomwe zilipo kale.
Zinthu zowonekera, zamitundu kapena zowoneka bwino komanso zonyezimira komanso zowoneka bwino zimapatsa zosankha pazosankha zosiyanasiyana zazinthu ndi zoyika.
Zinthu zoyeserera zitha kukambidwa kwa makasitomala omwe amafunikira kuwunika kutentha, kusindikiza, kuyanjana kwamankhwala kapena magwiridwe antchito amakina asanagule zambiri.
Kupereka chidziwitso chatsatanetsatane chokhudza malonda anu, makina ndi makina olongedza kumathandizira kukambirana bwino za kapangidwe ka PVC/PE m'malo modalira malingaliro azinthu zamtundu uliwonse.
Pharmaceutical Packaging Material Factory
Chipinda Choyendera
Production Line 1
Production Line 2
Filimu yophatikizika ya PVC/PE imaphatikiza wosanjikiza wokhazikika wa PVC wokhala ndi wosanjikiza wa polyethylene kuti apange thermoformable multilayer phukusi. PVC makamaka imapereka mawonekedwe ndi kupanga magwiridwe antchito, pomwe PE wosanjikiza imatha kuthandizira kukhudzana ndi kusindikiza zofunika.
Kanema wa PVC/PE atha kuyesedwa kuti apangidwe ndi ma suppository, mapaketi a mlingo wa unit, mankhwala osankhidwa, zonyamula zachipatala, ma tray azachipatala ndi mawonekedwe ena a thermoformed omwe amafunikira kulumikizidwa kwa PE kapena wosanjikiza wosindikiza.
No. Mono PVC imakhala ndi mapangidwe amodzi a PVC, pamene PVC / PE imaphatikizapo wosanjikiza wa polyethylene. Wowonjezera wosanjikiza amasintha kukhudzana, kusindikiza ndi zina zogwira ntchito zazinthu zomalizidwa.
Ayi. Zigawo za PE ndi PVDC zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zopakira. PVC/PVDC nthawi zambiri imasankhidwa pakafunika kukhathamiritsa chotchinga, pomwe PVC/PE nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa ngati cholumikizira cha PE kapena wosanjikiza wosindikiza ndi gawo la kapangidwe kazonyamula.
Chotchinga ntchito zimadalira yeniyeni filimu yomanga ndi makulidwe. PVC / PE sayenera kufotokozedwa ngati mawonekedwe apamwamba otchinga mpweya. Ngati malonda akufunika WVTR kapena OTR yeniyeni, perekani zomwe mukufuna kuti laminate yoyenerera iwunikidwe.
Chosanjikiza cha PE chimatha kupereka kukana kothandiza kwamafuta ambiri ndi malo am'madzi am'madzi, koma kuyanjana ndikokhazikika. Kuyesa ndi zosakaniza zenizeni zamankhwala, kuyika kwake ndi kusungirako kumalimbikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zovuta.
Mitundu yamakono ya Wallis PVC/PE imatchula makulidwe onse kuchokera pa 0.15 mm mpaka 0.80 mm, okhala ndi makonda omwe amapezeka malinga ndi zomwe amanyamula.
Mafotokozedwe apano amathandizira m'lifupi mpaka 680 mm. Perekani makulidwe anu a intaneti pamakina anu pofunsira mawu kuti mutsimikize zolondola.
Inde. Zosankha zowonekera, zamitundu komanso zowoneka bwino pamodzi ndi zonyezimira komanso zowoneka bwino zalembedwa pazogulitsa izi. Kupezeka kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa pamodzi ndi makulidwe, m'lifupi ndi kuchuluka kwa dongosolo.
Kanema wokhazikika wa PVC/PE adapangidwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito thermoforming yoyenera, koma kupanga magwiridwe antchito kumadalira mawonekedwe a filimu, makulidwe, kutentha, geometry yamkati, kuya kwake ndi kasinthidwe ka makina. Mayesero opanga amalimbikitsidwa musanagwiritse ntchito malonda.
Gawo la PE limatha kuthandizira ntchito zosindikizira kutentha, koma mphamvu yeniyeni yosindikizira imadalira zinthu zotsutsana, kalasi ya PE, kutentha, kupanikizika ndi nthawi yokhalamo. Dongosolo lathunthu loyikamo liyenera kutsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito mikhalidwe yopanga.
Kukwanira kwa mankhwala okhudzana ndi mankhwala kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa pagulu lenileni la PVC/PE, zinthu zomwe zapakidwa ndi msika wopita. Ogula akuyenera kupempha zowongolera, pharmacopoeial, kusamuka kapena zolemba zina zothandizira zomwe zimafunikira pakuyenerera kwawo.
Kugwirizana kwa njira yolera yotseketsa kumadalira njira yeniyeni ya laminate ndi yotseketsa. Ngati EtO, ma radiation, nthunzi kapena njira ina yoletsera ikufunika, perekani mikhalidwe kuti kugwirizanitsa kukhoza kuunika ndikutsimikiziridwa musanagwiritse ntchito.
Kugwirizana kumadalira zida, makulidwe a filimu, m'lifupi mwa ukonde, makina otenthetsera, kupanga geometry ndi kusindikiza kusindikiza. Perekani chitsanzo cha makina anu ndi mawonekedwe a kanema omwe alipo kuti zinthu zolowa m'malo ziwunikidwe molondola.
Zomwe zilipo panopa zimatchula MOQ wamba wa 500 kg. Zitsanzo zing'onozing'ono kapena zofunikira zoyesa zikhoza kukambidwa kuti ziwunidwe zakuthupi musanagule zambiri.
Inde. Kuwunika kwachitsanzo kumalimbikitsidwa pama projekiti atsopano olongedza kuti makasitomala athe kuyesa thermoforming, kusindikiza, kuyanjana kwamankhwala, mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito amakina asanayambe kupanga zambiri.
Chonde perekani makulidwe onse, mawonekedwe a PVC/PE ngati akudziwika, m'lifupi, kukula kwapakati, mpukutuwo, mtundu, mapeto a pamwamba, zinthu zomwe zapakidwa, kukula kwake, makina osindikizira, zotchinga, zofunikira, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala, msika wopita, zolemba zofunika ndi kuchuluka kwa dongosolo.
