I-PET PE
WALLIS
| Umbala: | |
|---|---|
| Usayizi: | |
| inzuzo: | |
| Ukutholakala: | |
| Ubuningi: | |
I-Wallis ihlinzeka nge -PET/EVOH/PE ishidi elinesivimbelo esikhulu esihlanganisiwe nezinto ezigoqayo zokwenziwa kwemithi, ukuxilonga, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nezinhlelo ezikhethekile zokupakisha uketshezi. Isakhiwo se-multilayer sihlanganisa ukusekelwa kwemishini ye-PET, isendlalelo se-EVOH-oxygen-barrier kanye nongqimba lokuvala uphawu lwe-PE ukuze kusekelwe ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo, ukuvala ukushisa nokuguqulwa kokupakisha okwehla nomfula.
Ubukhulu, isakhiwo sesendlalelo, ububanzi be-roll, umbala, ukufiphala kanye nezidingo zobuso zingenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokusho komkhiqizo wemithi, umshini wokupakisha, inqubo yokwakha, izimo zokuvala kanye nokusebenza kwesithiyo esihlosiwe.
Ngezicelo zemithi, ukufaneleka kokugcina kufanele kuqinisekiswe kusetshenziswa umuthi wangempela, i-reagent noma ukwakheka kanye nezimo ezihlosiwe zokwakha, ukugcwalisa, ukuvalwa, ukuvala inzalo, ukuthutha kanye nezimo zokugcina. Ngakho-ke izidingo zokuvimbela nokuhambisana kufanele zichazwe ngaphambi kokukhiqiza ngobuningi.
I-PET/EVOH/PE iyisakhiwo sokupakisha esiyinhlanganisela ye-multilayer eklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa izici ezihlukene zokusebenza ngaphakathi kwempahla eyodwa. Esikhundleni sokulindela i-polymer eyodwa ukuthi inikeze yonke impahla edingekayo, isendlalelo ngasinye senza indima ethile.
Isendlalelo se-PET sinikela amandla emishini, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kanye nokucutshungulwa. I-EVOH isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesithiyo komoyampilo negesi. Isendlalelo se-PE singanikeza ukusebenza kokuvala futhi sinikele ekuvikelweni komswakama kuye ngesakhiwo sokugcina.
I-PET inikeza ukusekelwa kwemishini, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kanye nesisekelo esifanelekile sokuguqulwa kokupakisha. Isendlalelo se-PET sisiza inhlanganisela ukugcina isakhiwo sayo ngesikhathi sokuvunguza, ukuthutha, ukwakha nokugcwalisa imisebenzi.
I-EVOH ihlanganiswe ngokuyinhloko njengesendlalelo esiphezulu somoya-mpilo kanye nesithiyo segesi. Ingasiza ekunciphiseni ukungena komoyampilo emikhiqizweni ebucayi yemithi noma yokuxilonga lapho isakhiwo sezendlalelo eziningi siklanywe ngokufanelekile futhi sivikelekile ezimeni zemvelo ezithinta ukusebenza kwesithiyo.
I-PE ingasebenza njengesendlalelo sokuxhumana nomkhiqizo noma sokuvala kuye ngomklamo wokupakisha. Isekela ukuvala ukushisa futhi inikele ekumelaneni nomswakama ngenkathi isiza ukuvikela ungqimba lwe-EVOH ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezendlalelo eziningi.
Amanani alandelayo amelela ukucaciswa okujwayelekile okwamanje okuhlotshaniswa nalo mkhiqizo wase-Wallis. Isakhiwo sokugcina, ukujiya kanye nemingcele yokusebenza kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokuvumelana nesicelo semithi esihlosiwe.
| Ipharamitha | Ukucaciswa Okujwayelekile / Amanothi |
|---|---|
| Isakhiwo | I-PET / EVOH / PE inhlanganisela ye-multilayer |
| Ubukhulu obuphelele | Cishe 80–300 µm; okwenziwe ngokwezifiso kungaphansi kwesakhiwo sokugcina |
| Ibanga Lesendlalelo Esijwayelekile | I-PET 60–120 µm + EVOH 15–30 µm + PE 20–40 µm; ezinye izilinganiso zingahlolwa |
| Roll Ububanzi | Cishe 30-1000 mm; ububanzi obungokwezifiso obutholakalayo ngaphansi kokuqinisekiswa kokukhiqiza |
| Umbala / Ukufiphala | Ukukhanya okungafihli, okunemibala noma okwenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokuya ngezidingo zokuvikela umkhiqizo |
| Isithiyo Se-oksijini | Ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-oxygen-barrier kusuka ku-EVOH; I-OTR eqondile kufanele icaciswe nezimo zokuhlola |
| Isithiyo Somswakama | Kuncike kungqimba lwe-PE, ukwakheka okuphelele, ukujiya kanye nezimo zokuhlola; qinisekisa i-WVTR eqondiwe ngesikhathi sokucaciswa |
| Ukuvalwa Kokushisa | Isendlalelo sokuvala se-PE; iwindi lokuvala kufanele liqinisekiswe emishinini yekhasimende |
| Ukwakha / Ukuguqula | I-Thermoforming, ukusika, ukuvala kanye nokuguqulwa kokupakisha okuqondene nephrojekthi kuncike ekuqinisekisweni kwesakhiwo |
| Ukuphrinta / Ukumaka | Ulwazi lweqoqo, izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, amalogo nokunye okumaka okunoyinki ohambisanayo nokwelashwa kwendawo |
| Ukwenza ngokwezifiso | Isakhiwo sesendlalelo, ukushuba okuphelele, ububanzi be-roll, umbala, ukukhanya, indawo kanye nokupakishwa |
I-Pharmaceutical PET/EVOH/PE Rolls
I-PET/EVOH/PE Pharmaceutical Packaging
Ukupakisha okunezithiyo eziphezulu kufanele kucaciswe kusetshenziswa izidingo zokusebenza ezilinganisekayo kunamagama afana 'nokungena okuphansi kakhulu' kuphela. Imingcele emibili ebalulekile i-Oxygen Transmission Rate (OTR) kanye ne-Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR).
I-OTR ibonisa ukuthi ingakanani i-oxygen edlula endaweni echaziwe yezinto zokupakisha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ezakhiweni ze-PET/EVOH/PE, isendlalelo se-EVOH sinesibopho ngokuyinhloko sokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesithiyo komoyampilo.
I-WVTR ichaza ukudluliswa komhwamuko wamanzi ngesakhiwo sokupakisha. Ukusebenza komswakama kuncike ekwakhiweni okuphelele kwezendlalelo eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukujiya kwe-PE namanye amapharamitha esakhiwo.
Amanani e-OTR ne-WVTR kufanele aqhathaniswe kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa lokuhlola, umswakama ohlobene, ukujiya kwesampula nendlela yokuhlola yaziwa. Abathengi kufanele futhi bacacise ukuthi inani lokuvimbela elishiwo likalwa ngento eyisicaba noma kuphakheji elakhiwe.
Isendlalelo se-EVOH sisiza ukunciphisa ukungena komoyampilo ngephakeji, okwenza isakhiwo silungele imikhiqizo lapho ukulawulwa kwe-oxidation kuyisidingo esibalulekile sokupakisha.
I-PE inganikeza isikhombimsebenzisi sokuvala ukushisa okudingekayo ezinhlelweni eziningi zokugcwalisa nokuvala. Izinga lokushisa langempela lokuqalisa uphawu, amandla ophawu, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nengcindezi kufanele kusungulwe kusetshenziswa impahla yekhasimende nezinto zokukhwelana.
I-PET inikela ngokuzinza kwe-dimensional kanye nokusekelwa kwemishini ngesikhathi sokujika, ukuguqula, ukupakisha nokuhamba. Ukuqina kokugcina kuncike kubukhulu be-PET kanye nokwakhiwa kwezingxenye eziningi.
Izakhiwo ezibonisa ngale zingavumela ukubonakala komkhiqizo kuyilapho kugcinwa ungqimba oluvimbela umoya-mpilo. Izakhiwo ezinemibala egqamile noma ezikhanyayo zingaxoxwa lapho kudingeka khona ukuphathwa okwengeziwe kokukhanya.
Ubukhulu bezendlalelo kanye nokwakheka okuphelele kungalungiswa ngokuya ngezithiyo ezihlosiwe, ukujula kokwakha, izidingo zokuvala, ukuzwela komkhiqizo kanye nezimo zomugqa wokupakisha.

Ukuvalwa kokushisa kuyimpahla yesistimu kunegama elibonakalayo kuphela. Ukusebenza kophawu kuncike ebangeni le-PE, ukushuba kongqimba, izinga lokushisa lokuvala, isikhathi sokuhlala, ingcindezi, iwebhu yokuhlanganisa kanye nokucushwa komshini wokupakisha.
Abathengi kufanele bahlinzeke ngebanga lokushisa elikhona kakade lomshini wokupakisha, isivinini somugqa kanye nokucindezela kokuvala lapho kutholakala khona.
Amandla okuvalwa kufanele ahlolwe ngesivalo sangempela noma okokusebenza kokukhwelana kunokuba kuhlolwe kuwebhu eyenza i-PET/EVOH/PE iyodwa.
Amaphakethe aqediwe kufanele ahlolwe ubuqotho be-seal kanye nokuvuza ngaphansi kwezimo ezilindelekile zokugcwalisa, zokuhamba nezokugcina.
Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ze-PET/EVOH/PE zingakhelwa i-thermoforming namanye amafomethi okupakisha aguquliwe. Ukusebenza kokwakha kuncike ekugqineni okuphelele, izakhiwo ze-PET, ukunamathela kongqimba, iphrofayili yokushisa nokujula komdwebo.
Izendlalelo zokuvimbela ziba mncane njengoba impahla yelulelwa ngesikhathi se-thermoforming. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwesithiyo esikalwa kumqulu oyisicaba ngeke kuthathwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kuyafana endaweni ejulile yomgodi owenziwe.
Lapho ukusebenza kwesithiyo kubaluleke kakhulu, abathengi kufanele baqinisekise iphakheji elakhiwe ngaphansi kwezimo zokwakheka kommeleli kunokuthembela kuphela kudatha ye-flat sheet OTR noma ye-WVTR.
Nikeza uhlobo lwemishini ye-thermoforming, ukujula kwesikhunta, isivinini somugqa kanye newindi lokwakha elilindelekile lezinga lokushisa uma kuxoxwa ngesakhiwo esenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Izakhiwo ze-PET/EVOH/PE zingahlolwa ukuze kufakwe uketshezi lwekhemisi lapho isithiyo somoya-mpilo, ubuqotho bophawu nokuhambisana komkhiqizo kuyadingeka.
Uketshezi oluxilongayo nama-reagents angase azuze ekufakweni kwesithiyo esiphezulu, kodwa ukuhlola ukuhambisana kufanele kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ukwakheka kwe-reagent ethile kanye nezimo zokulondoloza ezihlosiwe.
Imikhiqizo ezwelayo ekonakaleni kwe-oxidative ingaba amakhandidethi ezakhiwo zokupakisha eziqukethe isendlalelo se-EVOH-oxygen-barrier, ngaphansi kweshelufu yokuphila nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza.
Izakhiwo ezinombala ogqamile noma opaque zingaxoxwa ngemikhiqizo edinga ukudluliswa kokukhanya okuncishisiwe. Ukuvikelwa kwe-wavelength edingekayo kufanele kuchazwe ngokuvumelana nokwakheka kwemithi.
Izakhiwo zokuvimbela ezenzelwe wena zingase futhi zihlolwe ukuze kutholwe amavithamini, uketshezi olunomsoco, imikhiqizo yokuxilonga nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ezidinga umoya-mpilo olawulwayo kanye nokuchayeka komswakama.
Vitamin noma Antioxidant Solutions
Izicelo Zoketshezi Lwemithi
Ama-Diagnostic & Chemical Reagents
I-PET/EVOH/PE akufanele ichazwe njengehambisana emhlabeni wonke nayo yonke i-API yezemithi, i-solvent, i-reagent noma ukwakhiwa. Ukufaneleka kokuxhumana nomkhiqizo kuncike kungqimba lwe-PE olunembile, izithasiselo, ukwakheka kwezidakamizwa, ukugxilisa ingqondo, i-pH, isikhathi sokugcina nezinga lokushisa.
Abathengi kufanele bahlole ukuzinza kwe-dimensional, ukuvuvukala, ukukhipha, ubuqotho be-seal kanye nokugcinwa kwesithiyo ngemva kokuxhumana nokwakhiwa okuhlosiwe.
Lapho izinhlelo zekhwalithi yokulawula noma yezemithi zidinga ukufuduka, okukhiphekayo, okuvuzayo noma ukuhlolwa kwe-toxicological, iphrothokholi yokuhlola esebenzayo kufanele ichazwe kusistimu yokupakisha eqediwe.
Izinto ezivimbayo eziphezulu zingasekela ukuvikelwa komkhiqizo, kodwa impilo yokugcina yeshalofu yemithi kufanele isungulwe ngohlelo lokuzinza lomkhiqizi wemithi. Izinto zokupakisha zizodwa azikwazi ukuqinisekisa impilo yeshelufu ethile.
Ukuhambisana nokuvala inzalo kuncike ekwakhiweni okuqondile kwe-PET/EVOH/PE kanye nenqubo yokuvala inzalo. Into akumele ithathwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengehambisana ne-autoclave, ukushisa okomile, imisebe, i-ethylene oxide noma ezinye izindlela zokuvala inzalo ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa.
Abathengi kufanele banikeze ubuchwepheshe bokuvala inzalo, izinga lokushisa, isikhathi sokuchayeka, ingcindezi kanye nenani lemijikelezo. Iphakheji eliqediwe kufanele lihlolwe ukuguqulwa, ukunamathela kongqimba, amandla ophawu, ukugcinwa kwesithiyo kanye nokuhambisana komkhiqizo.
Izidingo zokupakishwa kwemithi ziyahlukahluka ngezwe, uhlobo lomkhiqizo kanye nefomu lomthamo. Esikhundleni sokuthembela esitatimendeni esijwayelekile esifana 'nokuthobela imishanguzo,' abathengi kufanele bacacise izimfuneko eziqondile zokulawula, i-pharmacopoeial noma ikhwalithi yekhasimende esebenza kuphrojekthi.
Izidingo zokubhalwa kwamadokhumenti zingabandakanya ukucaciswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, izitifiketi zokuhlaziya, izitatimende zokwakheka, imibhalo yesistimu yekhwalithi, ukuhlolwa kokufuduka noma amanye amarekhodi kuye ngemakethe yendawo kanye nenqubo yokufaneleka yomkhiqizi wemithi.
Izilinganiso zesendlalelo zingaxoxwa ngokuya nge-OTR eqondiwe, i-WVTR, ukushuba okuphelele, ukusebenza kokwakhiwa kanye nezidingo zokuvala ukushisa.
Ubukhulu beroli bungafaniswa nokupakishwa kwekhasimende kanye nezisetshenziswa zokuguqula ukuze kuncishiswe ukusika okungadingekile, ukuphatha kanye nokulahlwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Amasampula angahlolwa ngokusebenza kwesithiyo, ukuziphatha kwe-heat-seal, ukwakheka, ukuzinza kwe-dimensional kanye nokuhambisana komkhiqizo ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwezentengiso.
I-Wallis isekela iziguquli zokupakisha zemithi, izinkampani zokupakisha zezokwelapha, abakhiqizi bokuxilonga kanye nabanye abathengi bezimboni abadinga izinto zokupakisha ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ze-multilayer.
I-Pharmaceutical Packaging Material Factory
Igumbi Lokuhlola Ukupakishwa Kwemithi
I-Pharmaceutical Material Packaging Production Line
I-Pharmaceutical Packaging Material Production Line
Chaza umkhiqizo wemithi, wokuxilonga noma wokunakekelwa kwezempilo kanye nefomethi yephakheji eqediwe.
Cacisa i-PET/EVOH/PE noma unikeze isakhiwo sakho sezendlalelo eziningi uma udinga into efanayo noma ethuthukisiwe.
Nikeza ukujiya okuphelele kanye nezidingo zesendlalelo ngasinye lapho sekuchaziwe kakade.
Nikeza amanani okuvimbela okuqondisiwe kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuhlola, umswakama ohlobene nendlela yokuhlola lapho kunokwenzeka khona.
Cacisa ububanzi bomqulu odingekayo, ububanzi beroll noma isisindo kanye nezidingo eziyinhloko ngokuya ngomugqa wokupakisha.
Nikeza ubukhulu bomgodi, ukujula kokudweba, okokusebenza kanye nezimo zokusebenza uma impahla izoba ne-thermoform.
Faka impahla yokukhwelana, izinga lokushisa lophawu, ingcindezi, isikhathi sokuhlala kanye nesivinini somugqa uma sekwaziwa.
Khomba ukwakheka kwemithi noma izimo zokuthintana namakhemikhali okudingeka zicatshangelwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kokuhambisana.
Uma ukuvala inzalo kudingekile, cacisa inqubo kanye nezimo zomjikelezo ukuze ukufaneleka kwempahla kuhlolwe.
Nikeza ngezwe okuyiwa kulo, amazinga adingekayo namadokhumenti alindelwe ithimba lakho elilawulayo noma lekhwalithi.
Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubonisa i-MOQ evamile yokuqala cishe ku-500 kg, nakuba i-MOQ yokugcina incike esakhiweni sesendlalelo esingokwezifiso, ubukhulu kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza.
I-Shanghai Wallis Technology inikezela ngephepha lepulasitiki, izinto zekhadi nezinto zokupakisha ezikhethekile kumakhasimende akwa-B2B aphesheya. Amaphrojekthi okupakisha ekhemisi angaxoxwa ngokuya ngesakhiwo esidingekayo, ukusebenza, izimo zomugqa wokukhiqiza kanye nezinqubo zokufaneleka kwamakhasimende.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zezendlalelo eziningi
Ubukhulu nobubanzi ngokwezifiso
Ukusekelwa okuyisampula kokuhlolwa komugqa wokupakisha
Ukusekelwa kokukhiqiza kwe-B2B ne-OEM
Ukupakisha okuthekelisa kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwamazwe ngamazwe
Ingxoxo yokucaciswa kobuchwepheshe ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwenqwaba



I-PET/EVOH/PE iyisakhiwo sokupakisha sepulasitiki esinezingqimba eziningi esihlanganisa izakhiwo ze-PET mechanical, ukusebenza kwe-EVOH oxygen-barrier kanye nongqimba lwe-PE lokuvala nokuvikela umswakama. Izilinganiso zesendlalelo zingalungiswa ngokuya ngokusebenza kokupakisha okudingekayo.
I-EVOH isetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesithiyo komoyampilo negesi. Ingasiza ukuvikela imikhiqizo ezwela umoya-mpilo uma ihlanganiswe esakhiweni sezendlalelo eziningi esiklanywe kahle.
I-EVOH ikhethelwa ukusebenza kwesithiyo komoyampilo. Ukusebenza kokuvimbela umswakama kuncike esakhiweni se-multilayer esiphelele, okuhlanganisa i-PE nezinye izendlalelo zokuzivikela, ubukhulu bazo kanye nezimo zokuhlola.
Ibanga lamanje lomkhiqizo we-Wallis libala cishe ugqinsi oluphelele lwama-80–300 µm. Izakhiwo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zingaxoxwa ngokulandela umgoqo, ukwakheka kanye nezidingo zokubeka uphawu.
Ibanga elijwayelekile lamanje lilinganiselwa ku-30–1000 mm. Ukutholakala kobubanzi bokugcina kuncike kusakhiwo, ukujiya kanye nezidingo zokukhiqiza.
I-OTR edingekayo incike ekuzweleni komoyampilo womkhiqizo opakishiwe, okuhlosiwe kwempilo yeshelufu kanye nejometri yephakheji. Nikeza i-OTR eqondiwe kanye nezinga lokushisa, umswakama ohlobene nendlela yokuhlola ukuze izinto ezisetshenziswayo ziqhathaniswe kahle.
I-WVTR edingekayo incike ekuzweleni komswakamo womkhiqizo kanye nendawo elindelekile yokugcina. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola, umswakama kanye nokucushwa kwephakheji kufanele kucaciswe kanye nevelu eqondiwe.
Izakhiwo ezifanele zingakhelwa i-thermoforming, kodwa ukwakha izinga lokushisa, ukujula kokudweba, ukunamathela kongqimba kanye nokugcinwa kwesithiyo kufanele kuhlolwe kusetshenziswa iphakheji yangempela yejometri nezimo zokukhiqiza.
Isendlalelo se-PE singanikeza ukusebenza kokuvalwa kokushisa. Amandla esivalo kanye nezinga lokushisa lophawu kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngezinto zokukhwelana kanye nemishini yangempela yokugcwalisa nokuvala.
Asikho isimangalo sokuhambisana kwendawo yonke okufanele senziwe kuzo zonke iziphuzo zemithi. Ukuhambisana kuncike ekwakhiweni, isendlalelo sokuxhumana se-PE, ukugxila, i-pH, izinga lokushisa nobude besikhathi sokugcina. Kunconywa ukuhlola ukuthintwa komkhiqizo.
Ukuhambisana kokuvala inzalo kumele kuqinisekiswe ukwakheka kanye nomjikelezo wezendlalelo eziningi. Nikeza izinga lokushisa lokuvala inzalo, ingcindezi, ubude besikhathi kanye nenani lemijikelezo ukuze impahla kanye nophawu oluqediwe kuhlolwe.
Izakhiwo ezinemibala egqamile noma ezenziwe ngezifiso zingaxoxwa. Abathengi kufanele banikeze imininingwane edingekayo yokuvikela ukukhanya noma ulwazi lokuzwela komkhiqizo ukuze luhlolwe.
Ukuthobelana kuncike ekwakhekeni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kanye nemakethe yendawo. Abathengi kufanele banikeze izimfuneko ezisebenzayo zokulawula noma ze-pharmacopoeial ukuze imibhalo etholakalayo nokuhlola kubuyekezwe umkhiqizo othile.
Amasampula kungaxoxwa ngawo ukuze kuhlolwe ukushuba, ukusebenza kwesithiyo, ukuvala ukushisa, i-thermoforming kanye nokuhambisana nempahla yokupakisha yekhasimende kanye nomkhiqizo.
Ulwazi lwamanje lomkhiqizo lubonisa inani elivamile lokuqala elilinganiselwa ku-500 kg. Isakhiwo esenziwe ngokwezifiso, ububanzi, umbala nezinye izidingo zingathinta i-MOQ yokugcina, ngakho-ke kufanele iqinisekiswe ngesikhathi sekhotheshini.
Sicela unikeze uhlelo lokusebenza lokupakisha, uhlobo lomkhiqizo, isakhiwo esidingekayo, ukujiya, ububanzi be-roll, i-OTR eqondiwe kanye ne-WVTR, izimo zokwakheka, izimo zokuvalwa kokushisa, inqubo yokuvala inzalo, izimfuneko zokulawula kanye nenani le-oda elilinganiselwe.
Thumela u-Wallis isakhiwo sakho sezendlalelo eziningi esidingekayo, ugqinsi, ububanzi be-roll, okuqondiwe kwe-OTR/WVTR, inqubo yokwenza, izimo zokuvala ukushisa, izidingo zokuxhumana nomkhiqizo kanye nenani elilinganiselwe lokuthenga.
Uma ufaka esikhundleni sempahla yokupakisha ekhona, thumela imininingwane yamanje yobuchwepheshe noma isampula ukuze ukwakheka kanye nezidingo zomugqa wokupakisha zihlolwe ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwezentengiso.
Qala Iphrojekthi Yakho nathi